Multispecific antibodies targeting human immunodeficiency virus and methods of using the same

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure relates to multispecific antibodies targeting the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) envelope, methods for their production, pharmaceutical compositions containing said antibodies and uses thereof in treatment and prevention of HIV infection.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a U.S. National Phase application filed under 35 U.S.C. § 371 from and claiming priority to International Patent Application No. PCT/US2017/057053, filed Oct. 17, 2017, which claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/409,097, filed on Oct. 17, 2016, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure relates to multispecific antibodies targeting the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) envelope, methods for their production, pharmaceutical compositions containing said antibodies and uses thereof in treatment and prevention of HIV infection.

BACKGROUND

The human immunodeficiency viruses type 1 (HIV-1) infects and causes the destruction of human CD4+ lymphocytes, resulting in the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The entry of HIV-1 into host cells is mediated by the viral envelope glycoproteins (Env), which are displayed as trimeric spokes on the surface of the HIV virion. The trimeric Env complex, consisting of three of each of exterior envelope glycoprotein, gp120, and the gp41 transmembrane envelope glycoprotein, are associated in the viral membrane. Besides mediating virus entry, HIV-1 Env complex is also the sole target of neutralizing antibody responses.

Recent advances in the discovery of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) targeting the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env) have awakened great interest in their use as pre-exposure prophylaxis for prevention and as therapeutic agents, particularly in combination with antiretroviral treatment (ART) for HIV remission and eradication. bNAb isolation and characterization has been accelerated via the integration of emerging functional and structural information and new technologies of single B cell sorting and cloning. bNAbs are therapeutically beneficial as they possess high capacity for viral neutralization. Additionally, bNAbs can facilitate fragment crystallizable (Fc)-mediated effector functions that promote cell lysis and/or clearance of infected cells that express HIV-1 Env on the cell surface via antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity.

The characterization of HIV-1 bNAbs and their cognate epitopes on the Env spikes has identified five conserved Env sites of vulnerability including the CD4-binding site (CD4bs), the V1/V2-glycan region, the V3-glycan region, the gp41 membrane proximal external region (MPER), and the gp120-gp41 interface. Passive immunization with bNAbs is being explored as a means for prevention in healthy individuals and as treatment for HIV infected patients. Passive immunization in humans has proven highly effective in treating many infections such as hepatitis A, hepatitis B, rabies, and respiratory syncytial viruses.

However, these viruses have relatively low genetic diversity compared to the extreme antigenic diversity observed for circulating HIV-1 isolates which leads to greatly confounded outcome. Administration of a single bNAb as a therapeutic agent has successfully cleared phase I safety clinical trials, demonstrating temporary HIV-1 viremia suppression in the majority of patients. However, the HIV virus rapidly develops resistance mutations under a single bNAb pressure, which suggests that passive treatment with a single bNAb is unlikely to result in long-term viremia suppression. Some of the Env mutations associated with bNAb resistance can significantly reduce viral fitness. Therefore, simultaneously targeting different Env epitopes may completely compromise viral replication, as mutations that confer resistance to each bNAb often accumulate to severely reduce viral fitness. Additionally, treatment of simian/human immunodeficiency virus infection in non-human primate models demonstrated that passive immunotherapy with bNAb cocktails prevent mother to child transmission, suppress viremia and, in contrast to combinatorial antiviral therapy (cART) treatments, as well as facilitate CD8+ T-cell immunity for durable suppression of virus replication. Compared to both cART and single bNAb treatments, preliminary data on bNAb cocktails suggest significant advantages for the treatment and management of HIV-1 infection.

While antibody cocktails demonstrated improved efficacy in preclinical studies, multispecific “single agents” are desirable for manufacturing purposes as well as for improved avidity that may result in enhanced neutralization breadth and potency. Bi-NAbs with two Env-epitope binding sites have been generated using CrossMab formats with up to 97% virus coverage. However, their neutralization breadth could be further improved and truly bivalent binding has yet to be experimentally demonstrated. Most recently, one study showed that swapping the IgG1 hinge for a more flexibly IgG3 hinge lacking disulfide bonds (denoted IgG3C-) greatly improved the potency of anti-HIV CrossMabs. While both the CrossMab and IgG3C-designs have significantly improved the potency and breadth of antibodies against HIV, they only target two epitopes, one corresponding to each antigen-binding Fragment (Fab) arm. This limits the potential increase of avidity that would result from simultaneous engagement of multiple functional moieties. Furthermore, the traditional CrossMab format imposes steric constraints that may impede true bivalent engagement of the Fab arms due to the rigidity of the dimeric IgG Fc fragment where the Fabs are placed.

One study has demonstrated the use of DNA-linkers as “molecular rulers” to connect Fab moieties of two bNAbs resulting in molecules capable of intra-spike crosslinking to enhance the avidity and potency of bNAbs. However, the chemical conjugation process required for connecting Fabs with DNA-linker in this method limits its feasibility and application scale.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

In one aspect, the disclosure features a multispecific antibody, or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, comprising a) a first light chain comprising a first light chain variable region (VL) and a first heavy chain comprising a first heavy chain variable region (VH), wherein the first light chain and the first heavy chain are derived from a first antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof; and b) a second light chain comprising a second light chain variable region (VL) and a second heavy chain comprising a second heavy chain variable region (VH), wherein the second light chain and the second heavy chain are derived from a second antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, wherein the first antibody and the second antibody bind non-overlapping epitopes of the envelope protein of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), and wherein the VH from the first light chain and the VL from the second light chain are connected by one or more linkers or wherein the VL from the first light chain and the VH from the second light chain are connected by one or more linkers. In one embodiment, the VH from the first light chain and the VL from the second light chain are connected by a two or more tetra-glycine serine (G4S) protein linkers or wherein the VL from the first light chain and the VH from the second light chain are connected by two or more tetra-glycine serine (G4S) protein linkers. In one embodiment, the linker is not a single glycine (Gly) residue; a diglycine peptide (Gly-Gly); a tripeptide (Gly-Gly-Gly); a peptide with four glycine residues (Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly); a peptide with five glycine residues (Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly); a peptide with six glycine residues (Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly); a peptide with seven glycine residues (Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly); a peptide with eight glycine residues (Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly), the peptide Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser, the peptide Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser, the peptide Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser (SEQ ID NO: 292), a single Ser, a single Va, the dipeptide Arg-Thr, Gln-Pro, Ser-Ser, Thr-Lys, and Ser-Leu; Thr-Lys-Gly-Pro-Ser, Thr-Val-Ala-Ala-Pro, Gln-Pro-Lys-Ala-Ala, Gln-Arg-Ile-Glu-Gly, Ala-Ser-Thr-Lys-Gly-Pro-Ser, Arg-Thr-Val-Ala-Ala-Pro-Ser, Gly-Gln-Pro-Lys-Ala-Ala-Pro, and His-Ile-Asp-Ser-Pro-Asn-Lys. In one embodiment, the non-overlapping epitopes are located in the CD4-binding site, the V1/V2-glycan region, the V3-glycan region, the gp41 membrane proximal external region (MPER), or the gp120/gp41 interface of the envelope protein. In one embodiment, the VH from the first light chain and the VL from the second light chain are connected by three tetra-glycine serine (G4S) protein linkers or wherein the VL from the first light chain and the VH from the second light chain are connected by three tetra-glycine serine (G4S) protein linkers. In one embodiment, the VH from the first light chain and the VL from the second light chain are connected by five tetra-glycine serine (G4S) protein linkers or wherein the VL from the first light chain and the VH from the second light chain are connected by five tetra-glycine serine (G4S) protein linkers. In one embodiment, the VH from the first light chain and the VL from the second light chain are connected by seven tetra-glycine serine (G4S) protein linkers or wherein the VL from the first light chain and the VH from the second light chain are connected by seven tetra-glycine serine (G4S) protein linkers. In one embodiment, the multispecific antibody of any of the above aspects or embodiments further comprises a third antibody which specifically binds to a third epitope. In one embodiment, the multispecific antibody of any of the above aspects or embodiments further comprises a fourth antibody which specifically binds to a third epitope. In one embodiment, the third epitope is located in the CD4-binding site (CD4bs), the V1/V2-glycan region, the V3-glycan region, the gp41 membrane proximal external region (MPER), or the gp120-gp41 interface of the envelope protein of HIV. In one embodiment, the third epitope is different from the first epitope and the second epitope. In one embodiment, the first antibody binds to an epitope in the CD4-binding site of the of the envelope protein of HIV-1 and the second antibody binds to an epitope in the V3-glycan region of the of the envelope protein of HIV-1. In one embodiment, the first antibody binds to an epitope in the V3-glycan region of the of the envelope protein of HIV-1 and the second antibody binds to an epitope in the CD4-binding site of the of the envelope protein of HIV-1. In one embodiment, the antibody that binds to an epitope in the CD4-binding site of the of the envelope protein of HIV-1 is selected from the group consisting of: VRC03, VRC06, VRC07, 3BNC117, IOMA, and N6. In one embodiment, the antibody that binds to an epitope in the V3-glycan region of the of the envelope protein of HIV-1 is selected from the group consisting of: PGT121, PGT122, PGT128, PGT135, 10-1074, and BG18. In one embodiment, the first antibody binds to an epitope in the gp120/gp41 interface of the of the envelope protein of HIV-1 and the second antibody binds to an epitope in the MPER of the of the envelope protein of HIV-1. In one embodiment, the first antibody binds to an epitope in the MPER of the of the envelope protein of HIV-1 and the second antibody binds to an epitope in the gp120/gp41 interface of the of the envelope protein of HIV-1. In one embodiment, the antibody that binds to an epitope in the gp120/gp41 interface of the of the envelope protein of HIV-1 is selected from the group consisting of: 35022, N123-VRC34.01, 3BC315, and PGT151. In one embodiment, the antibody that binds to an epitope in the MPER of the of the envelope protein of HIV-1 is selected from the group consisting of: 10E8, 10E8v4, 10E8v4 S100cF, Dh511.2_k3, Z13, 4E10, and 2F5. In one embodiment, the variable domain of the first light chain comprises a light chain variable domain comprising a CDR set (CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3) as set forth in SEQ ID NOs 3, 4, 5 and the variable domain of the first heavy chain comprises a heavy chain variable domain comprising a CDR set (CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3) as set forth in SEQ ID NOs 7, 8, 9. In one embodiment, the variable domain of the second light chain comprises a light chain variable domain comprising a CDR set (CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3) as set forth in SEQ ID NOs 11, 12, 13 and the variable domain of the second heavy chain comprises a heavy chain variable domain comprising a CDR set (CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3) as set forth in SEQ ID NOs 15, 16, 17. In one embodiment, the variable domain of the first light chain comprises a light chain variable domain comprising a CDR set (CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3) as set forth in SEQ ID NOs 32, 33, 34 and the variable domain of the first heavy chain comprises a heavy chain variable domain comprising a CDR set (CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3) as set forth in SEQ ID NOs 36, 37, 38. In one embodiment, the variable domain of the second light chain comprises a light chain variable domain comprising a CDR set (CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3) as set forth in SEQ ID NOs 40, 41, 42 and the variable domain of the second heavy chain comprises a heavy chain variable domain comprising a CDR set (CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3) as set forth in SEQ ID NOs 44, 45, 46. In one embodiment, the variable domain of the first light chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO. 2, SEQ ID NO. 10, SEQ ID NO. 19, SEQ ID NO. 31 and SEQ ID NO. 39 and the variable domain of the first heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO. 6, SEQ ID NO. 14, SEQ ID NO. 35 and SEQ ID NO. 43. In one embodiment, the variable domain of the second light chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO. 2, SEQ ID NO. 10, SEQ ID NO. 19, SEQ ID NO. 31 and SEQ ID NO. 39 and the variable domain of the second heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO. 6, SEQ ID NO. 14, SEQ ID NO. 35 and SEQ ID NO. 43. In one embodiment, the variable domain of the first light chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 2, and the variable domain of the first heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 6, and the variable domain of the second light chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 10, and the variable domain of the second heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 14. In one embodiment, the variable domain of the first light chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 19, and the variable domain of the first heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 6, and the variable domain of the second light chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 10, and the variable domain of the second heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 14. In one embodiment, the variable domain of the first light chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 10, and the variable domain of the first heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 14, and the variable domain of the second light chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 2, and the variable domain of the second heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 6. In one embodiment, the variable domain of the first light chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 10, and the variable domain of the first heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 14, and the variable domain of the second light chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 19, and the variable domain of the second heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 6. In one embodiment, the variable domain of the first light chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 31, and the variable domain of the first heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 35, and the variable domain of the second light chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 39, and the variable domain of the second heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 43. In one embodiment, the variable domain of the first light chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 39, and the variable domain of the first heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 43, and the variable domain of the second light chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 31, and the variable domain of the second heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 35. In one embodiment, the multispecific antibody comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO. 1, SEQ ID NO. 18, SEQ ID NO. 20, SEQ ID NO. 21, SEQ ID NO. 22, SEQ ID NO. 23, SEQ ID NO. 24, SEQ ID NO. 25, SEQ ID NO. 26, SEQ ID NO. 27, SEQ ID NO. 30, SEQ ID NO. 47, SEQ ID NO. 48, SEQ ID NO. 49, SEQ ID NO. 50, SEQ ID NO. 51, SEQ ID NO. 52 and SEQ ID NO. 53.

In another aspect, the disclosure features a multispecific antibody comprising a) a first light chain comprising a first light chain variable region (VL) and a first heavy chain comprising a first heavy chain variable region (VH), wherein the first light chain and the first heavy chain are derived from a first antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof; b) a second light chain comprising a second light chain variable region (VL) and a second heavy chain comprising a second heavy chain variable region (VH), wherein the second light chain and the second heavy chain are derived from a second antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof; and c) a third light chain comprising a first light chain variable region (VL) and a third heavy chain comprising a first heavy chain variable region (VH), wherein the third light chain and the third heavy chain are derived from a third antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, wherein the first antibody, the second antibody and the third antibody bind non-overlapping epitopes of the envelope protein of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), and wherein the VH from the first light chain and the VL from the second light chain are connected by two or more tetra-glycine serine (G4S) protein linkers or wherein the VL from the first light chain and the VH from the second light chain are connected by two or more tetra-glycine serine (G4S) protein linkers. In one embodiment, the multispecific antibody further includes a modification in the Fc region. In one embodiment the first antibody, the second antibody or the third antibody is an ScFv. In one embodiment, the multispecific antibody has an IC₅₀ less than 0.1 μg/ml. In one embodiment, the multispecific antibody has an IC₅₀ less than 0.01 μg/ml. In one embodiment, the multispecific antibody has an IC₈₀ less than 0.3 μg/ml. In one embodiment, the multispecific antibody has an IC₈₀ less than 0.1 μg/ml.

In another aspect, the disclosure features a method of treating or preventing an HIV infection, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of the multispecific antibody of any of the above aspects and embodiments.

In another aspect, the disclosure features a pharmaceutical composition comprising the multispecific antibody of any one of the above aspects and embodiments and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In another aspect, the disclosure features a nucleic acid encoding the multispecific antibody of any of the above aspects and embodiments. In one embodiment, the disclosure features a vector that comprises the nucleic acid. In another embodiment, the disclosure features a host cell that comprises the vector.

In another aspect, the disclosure features a method for the preparation of a multispecific antibody, comprising the step of culturing the host cell under conditions that allow synthesis of said multispecific antibody. In one embodiment, the method further comprises the step of recovering the multispecific antibody from the host cell culture.

In another aspect, the disclosure features an immunoconjugate comprising the multispecific antibody of any of the above aspects or embodiments, coupled to a cytotoxic agent.

In another aspect, the disclosure features a multispecific antibody, or an antigen-binding fragment thereof or salt thereof, comprising a) a first light chain comprising a first light chain variable region (VL) and/or a first heavy chain comprising a first heavy chain variable region (VH), wherein the first light chain and the first heavy chain; b) a second light chain comprising a second light chain variable region (VL) and/or a second heavy chain comprising a second heavy chain variable region (VH), wherein the first light chain and/or first heavy chain binds an epitope on CD4s of HIV-1 and the second light and/or heavy chain binds an epitope of a V1, V2, and/or V3 glycan of HIV-1; wherein the VH from the first light chain and the VH or VL from the second light chain are connected by three or more linkers or wherein the VL from the first light chain and the VH or VL from the second light chain are connected by three or more linkers. In one embodiment, the VH from the first light chain and the VL from the second light chain are connected by a two or more tetra-glycine serine (G4S) protein linkers or wherein the VL from the first light chain and the VH from the second light chain are connected by two or more tetra-glycine serine (G4S) protein linkers. In another embodiment, the linker is not a single glycine (Gly) residue; a diglycine peptide (Gly-Gly); a tripeptide (Gly-Gly-Gly); a peptide with four glycine residues (Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly); a peptide with five glycine residues (Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly); a peptide with six glycine residues (Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly); a peptide with seven glycine residues (Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly); a peptide with eight glycine residues (Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly), the peptide Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser, the peptide Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser, the peptide Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser (SEQ ID NO: 292), a single Ser, a single Va, the dipeptide Arg-Thr, Gln-Pro, Ser-Ser, Thr-Lys, and Ser-Leu; Thr-Lys-Gly-Pro-Ser, Thr-Val-Ala-Ala-Pro, Gln-Pro-Lys-Ala-Ala, Gln-Arg-Ile-Glu-Gly, Ala-Ser-Thr-Lys-Gly-Pro-Ser, Arg-Thr-Val-Ala-Ala-Pro-Ser, Gly-Gln-Pro-Lys-Ala-Ala-Pro, and His-Ile-Asp-Ser-Pro-Asn-Lys. In another embodiment, the non-overlapping epitopes are located in the CD4-binding site, the V1/V2-glycan region, the V3-glycan region, the gp41 membrane proximal external region (MPER), or the gp120/gp41 interface of the envelope protein. In another embodiment, the multispecific antibody, salt or antigen binding fragment further comprises a IgG-1 like domain covalently linked to the first and/or second light chain. In another further embodiment, the multispecific antibody, salt or antigen binding fragment the VH from the first light chain and the VL from the second light chain are connected by five tetra-glycine serine (G4S) protein linkers or wherein the VL from the first light chain and the VH from the second light chain are connected by five tetra-glycine serine (G4S) protein linkers. In another embodiment, the VH from the first light chain and the VL from the second light chain are connected by seven tetra-glycine serine (G4S) protein linkers or wherein the VL from the first light chain and the VH from the second light chain are connected by seven tetra-glycine serine (G4S) protein linkers. In another embodiment, the multispecific antibody, salt or antigen binding fragment further comprises a third antibody light chain that binds to a third epitope. In one embodiment, the third epitope is located in the CD4-binding site (CD4bs), the V1/V2-glycan region, the V3-glycan region, the gp41 membrane proximal external region (MPER), or the gp120-gp41 interface of the envelope protein of HIV. In another embodiment, the third epitope is different from the first epitope and the second epitope.

In another aspect, the disclosure features a multispecific antibody, or an antigen-binding fragment thereof or salt thereof, comprising a variable domain and a constant domain; the variable domain comprising a) a first light chain comprising a first light chain variable region (VL) and/or a first heavy chain comprising a first heavy chain variable region (VH) b) a second light chain comprising a second light chain variable region (VL) and/or a second heavy chain comprising a second heavy chain variable region (VH); the constant domain comprising an IgG-like amino acid sequence; wherein the first light chain and the second light chain bind non-overlapping epitopes of the envelope protein of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1); and

wherein the first light chain and the second light chain are connected by from about 3 to about 5 or linkers. In one embodiment, the first and second light chains bind an epiptope that is located in the CD4-binding site (CD4bs), the V1/V2-glycan region, the V3-glycan region, the gp41 membrane proximal external region (MPER), or the gp120-gp41 interface of the envelope protein of HIV.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic that shows the construction of a single agent to target multiple independent epitopes by structure-based rational design with superior avidity, potency and breadth, resulting from the crosslinking of protomers of each functional Env trimer due to the additive and potential synergistic effect of individual protomer engagement.

FIG. 2A is a schematic that shows conventional bi-NAb construction. FIG. 2B is a schematic that shows the proposed modular bi-NAb and multi-NAb in single construct strategy.

FIG. 3A (left) shows modeling of Env trimer BG505 SOSIP.664 binding to bNAbs VRC01 and PGT121 simultaneously by superimposing individual bNAb Fab-Env complex structure. Only VH-VL regions of Fab are shown. Atomic distance of VRC01 and PGT121 functional domains is shown: 39 Å from VRC01 VH C-terminus to PGT121 VH (upper) and 54 Å from PGT121 VL C-terminus to VRC01 VH N-terminus, respectively; FIG. 3A (right) shows strategies of engineering VRC01-PGT bi-ScFv by joining the termini of VHs and VLs by 3-5 GGGGS (G4S) linkers in dash lines (magenta) based on the atomic distance of VRC01 and PGT121 functional domains (39 and 54 Å) estimated by the modeling. FIG. 3B is a schematic presentation of VRC01-PGT121 ScFv and full length IgG. FIG. 3C shows representative size exclusion chromatography profiles of Bi-ScFv and IgG molecules. dVRC01-5x-PGT121 is shown as an example. Both scFV and IgG molecules migrate as a major single peak, free of aggregates.

FIG. 4 depicts a set of graphs that show bi-ScFv and bi-IgG1 of VRC01-PGT121 interaction with HIV-1 Env revealed by Bio-Layer Interferometry (BLI), validating the expected bispecific binding feature. dVRC01-5X-PGT121 scFv and dVRC01-5X-PGT121 IgG were able to bind both CD4bs ligand and Env BG505 SOSIP trimer D368R mutant (VRC01-KO).

FIG. 5A depicts a graph that shows the potency and breadth curve of Bi-ScFv molecules tested with selected 20 virus panel. FIG. 5B is a graph that shows the potency and breadth curve of bi-IgG1 molecules tested with selected 20 virus panel. FIG. 5C is a table that shows a summary of the virus neutralization parameters of the bispecific antibody molecules. FIG. 5D is a table that shows virus neutralization potency displayed with IC₅₀ (μg/ml) values.

FIG. 6A is a graph that shows potency and breadth curves. FIG. 6B is a table that shows a summary of the virus neutralization parameters of the bispecific antibody molecules. FIG. 6C is a table that shows the potency and breadth curve tested with 200 virus panel.

FIG. 7 is a table that shows neutralization potency and breadth (IC₅₀ value, in μg/ml) of _(d)VRC01-PGT bi-ScFv and IgG assessed against a 200-isolate virus panel.

FIG. 8 shows modeling of Env trimer binding to bNAbs 35022 and 10E8 simultaneously by superimposing individual bNAb Fab-Env complex structures. The relatively short distance between the variable chains of 35022 and 10E8 (25 Å) suggests that it is feasible to engineer bi-ScFvs of these bNAbs.

FIG. 9A is a graph that shows neutralization profiles of bi-ScFvs of 10E8 and 35022. FIG. 9B is a graph that shows neutralization profiles of bi-NAb (IgGs) of 10E8 and 35022. FIG. 9C is a table that shows possible synergistic effect of 35022-10E8 bispecific IgG on virus neutralization potency. IC₅₀ (μg/ml) of bispecific IgG, 10E8 and 35022 against selected virus isolates from the tested virus panel were displayed. Note that the neutralization potency (1/IC 50) of the bispecific IgG is substantially higher than the parental.

FIG. 10A through D depicts the design of bispecific antibodies. FIG. 10A shows the structure of HIV-1 JR-FL SOSIP.664 Env trimer (PDB: 5FYK) showing the footprints of bNAbs VRC01 and PGT121 and their proximity in both intra-protomer (left) and inter-protomer (right) binding configurations. PGT122 serves as a surrogate for PGT121. FIG. 10B shows distances between VRC01 and PGT121 VH/VL termini and two Bi-ScFv molecules of different topology. FIG. 10C shows a schematic presentation of the Bi-ScFv and Bi-NAb antibody constructs. FIG. 10D shows a schematic diagram of the molecular configurations of the Bi-ScFv and Bi-NAb antibodies.

FIG. 11A and FIG. 11B show the expression and purification of bispecific antibodies. FIG. 11A shows reduced SDS-PAGE analysis of bispecific antibodies. FIG. 11B shows analytical size exclusion profiles of bispecific antibodies.

FIG. 12A-C Binding characteristics of anti-Env bispecific antibodies. FIG. 12A is a schematic diagram of the bispecific binding assay via biolayer interferometry (BLI). FIG. 12B shows BLI response curves of bispecific binding assay. OCTET biosensors were loaded with biotinylated RSC3 (ligand 1) presenting the CD4bs epitope, and then probed sequentially with the bispecific antibody and BG505.SOSIP.664_D368R trimer (ligand 2) presenting the V3 glycan epitope. As controls, parental IgGs were used in place of the bispecific antibody. FIG. 12C, depicts representative images of negative stain EM of Bi-ScFv dVRC01-5X-PGT121, in complex with BG505 SOSIP.664 Env at a molar ratio of 0.5:1 and 6:1. BG505 SOSIP trimer and Bi-ScFv dVRC01-5X-PGT121 is denoted with arrow, respectively.

FIGS. 13A and B shows negative stain EM of Bi-ScFv/HIV Env trimer complex. FIG. 13A shows bi-ScFv, dVRC01-5X-PGT121, in complex with BG505.SOSIP.664 at a ratio of 0.5:1. Left, Raw micrograph; Right, 2D classes of complex. FIG. 13B shows bi-ScFv, dVRC01-5X-PGT121, in complex with BG505.SOSIP.664 at a ratio of 6:1. FIG. 13B left, Raw micrograph; FIG. 13B right, 2D classes of complex.

FIGS. 14A and B shows the neutralization profile of bispecific antibodies tested with a 20-virus panel. FIG. 14A is a summary of IC₅₀ (μg/ml) for bispecific antibodies tested in 20 virus panel. FIG. 14B shows scatter plots of IC₅₀ titers in which each virus is represented by an individual circle. († indicates that the IC₅₀ was adjusted by a factor of 3 to account for the molarity difference between the lower molecular weight Bi-ScFv and the IgG and Bi-NAb).

FIGS. 15A through 15D show neutralization breadth and potency of bispecific antibodies. FIG. 15A shows neutralization breadth of the parental and bispecific antibodies was tested against an HIV-1 pseudovirus panel consisting of Envs of 20 viral strains. Heat maps of IC₅₀ titers were generated in Excel. In the heatmaps, each row represents a virus strain while columns represent antibodies. Warmer colors indicate more potent neutralization and blue indicates at 50 μg/ml, antibody virus neutralization is below detection threshold (see legend). Breadths based on IC₅₀s are also summarized. Potency is shown as IC₅₀ geometric mean values calculated against sensitive viruses. FIG. 15B shows neutralization breadth of the parental and bispecific antibodies was tested against a panel of 208 viral strains. Heat maps of IC₅₀, breadth and potency are shown as in (A). FIG. 15C shows potency-breadth curves comparing the bispecific antibodies to their parental IgGs (left panel) and summary of IC₅₀ titers (μg/ml) against VRC01- and dual-resistant viruses that are sensitive to the bispecific antibodies (right panel). (t indicates that the IC₅₀ was adjusted by a factor of 3 to account for the molarity difference between the lower molecular weight Bi-ScFv and the IgG or Bi-NAb).

FIGS. 16A though 16E depict Tri-NAb construct, expression, and characterization. FIG. 16A shows tri-NAb constructs scheme. FIG. 16B shows reduced SDS-PAGE analysis of trispecific antibody. FIG. 16C shows scheme of the trispecific binding assay via biolayer interferometry (BLI). FIG. 16D shows BLI curves of trispecific binding assay. OCTET biosensors were loaded with ligand 1 (biotinylated RSC3) specific for VRC01 epitope (CD4bs), followed by trispecific antibody, ligand 2 (BG505.SOSIP.664_D368R) specific for PGT121 epitope (V3 glycan), and ligand 3 (MPER rFc) specific for 10E8 epitope (MPER). Parental IgGs were used as control. FIG. 16E shows scatter plots of IC₈₀ titers in which each virus is represented by an individual circle (Statistical differences in neutralization were evaluated using non-parametric t test (Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test) with *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001). († indicates that the IC₈₀ titer was adjusted by a factor of 3 to account for the molarity difference between the lower molecular weight Bi-ScFv and the IgG, Bi-NAb and Tri-NAb).

FIGS. 17A through 17E depict neutralization breadth and potency of trispecific antibodies. FIG. 17A shows neutralization breadth of the parental, bispecific and trispecific antibodies was tested against a panel of 208 viral strains. Heat maps of IC50, breadth and potency are shown as in FIG. 3A. FIG. 17B shows scatter plots of IC50 titers in which each virus is represented by an individual dot. Statistical differences in neutralization were evaluated using non-parametric t test (Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test) with *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001. FIG. 17C shows potency-breadth curves comparing the Tri-NAb to the Bi-NAb as well as the parental IgGs (left panel) and summary of IC50 (μm/ml) against viruses that are resistant to Bi-NAb but sensitive to the Tri-NAb (right panel). FIG. 17D shows comparison of Tri-NAb potency to parental IgGs potencies. Each dot on the graph represents a virus plotted in decreasing order of sensitivity to the parental IgG (black). The potency of the Tri-NAb (green) and the second parental IgG (gray) against the same virus is overlaid with data points below the parental IgG indicating increased potency. FIG. 17E shows neutralization potency of Bi-NAb (upper panel) and Tri-NAb (lower panel) compared to the parental antibodies. Viruses were grouped by parental antibody sensitivity, with S indicating sensitive and R, resistant. IC50 titer fold change reflecting potency compared to the respective antibodies is indicated in the parentheses next to the multispecific antibody potency. Fold changes in red indicating improved potency. († indicates that the IC50 was adjusted by a factor of 3 to account for the molarity difference between the lower molecular weight Bi-ScFv and the IgG, Bi-NAb or Tri-NAb).

FIG. 18 is a summary of IC50 (μg/ml) for trispecific and bispecific antibodies tested in a 208 virus panel.

FIG. 19 is a summary of IC80 (μg/ml) for trispecific and bispecific antibodies tested in a 208 virus panel.

FIG. 20 depicts a schematic of a tri and tetraspecific antibody embodiment of the disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure is based, at least in part, on the concept of joining single-chain variable fragment (ScFv) domains of two bNAbs, specific for the Env receptor binding site and a conserved Env glycan patch, respectively, to form bispecific ScFvs (Bi-ScFvs). The optimal Bi-ScFv crosslinks adjacent protomers within one HIV-1 Env spike and demonstrates superior neutralization breadth over its parental bNAbs. Furthermore, the present disclosure shows that the combination of this Bi-ScFv with a third bNAb recognizing the Env membrane proximal external region (MPER) resulted in a trispecific bNAb, which displays near-pan neutralization breadth potently. Thus, multispecific antibodies combining functional moieties of Env bNAbs could achieve exceptional neutralization capacity with profoundly augmented avidity. The multispecific antibodies described herein can be used in studies aimed at preventing HIV disease progression or mother to child transmission, and curing HIV. Furthermore, the approach described herein, that combines multi-functional moieties of individual bNAbs with profoundly elevated avidity and cooperative effect of multivalence interactions, may be applied to generate superior antibody-based anti-viral therapeutics against other infectious agents.

Definitions

Unless otherwise defined herein, scientific and technical terms used in connection with the present disclosure shall have the meanings that are commonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. The meaning and scope of the terms should be clear, however, in the event of any latent ambiguity, definitions provided herein take precedent over any dictionary or extrinsic definition. Further, unless otherwise required by context, singular terms shall include pluralities and plural terms shall include the singular.

The articles “a” and “an” are used herein to refer to one or to more than one (i.e., to at least one) of the grammatical object of the article. By way of example, “an element” means one element or more than one element, e.g., a plurality of elements.

The term “including” is used herein to mean, and is used interchangeably with, the phrase “including but not limited to” or “including, without limitation.”

The term “or” is used herein to mean, and is used interchangeably with, the term “and/or,” unless context clearly indicates otherwise. For example, an amino acid sequence with a modified amino acid is understood to include the options of an amino acid with a modified sidechain, a an amino acid with a modified backbone, and an amino acid with a modified sidechain and a modified backbone.

The term “about” is used herein to mean within the typical ranges of tolerances in the art. For example, “about” can be understood as about 2 standard deviations from the mean. According to certain embodiments, about means ±10%, ±9%, ±8%, ±7%, ±6%, ±5%, ±4%, ±3%, ±2%, ±1%, ±0.9%, ±0.8%, ±0.7%, ±0.6%, ±0.5%, 0.4%, 0.3%, ±0.2%, +0.1% or +0.05%. According to certain embodiments, about means +5%. When “about” is present before a series of numbers or a range, it is understood that “about” can modify each of the numbers in the series or range.

The term “at least” prior to a number or series of numbers (e.g. “at least two”) is understood to include the number adjacent to the term “at least”, and all subsequent numbers or integers that could logically be included, as clear from context. When at least is present before a series of numbers or a range, it is understood that “at least” can modify each of the numbers in the series or range.

As used herein, “up to” as in “up to 10” is understood as up to and including 10, i.e., 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.

Ranges provided herein are understood to include all individual integer values and all subranges within the ranges.

The term “broad neutralizing antibody” refers to an antibody which inhibits HIV-1 infection, as defined by at least about 50% inhibition of infection in vitro, in more than 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%), 99% or greater, of a large panel of (greater than 100) HIV-1 envelope pseudotyped viruses and/or viral isolates. In some embodiments, the borad neutralizing antibody is an anitbod that inhibits HIV-1 infection as defined by at least about 70%, 80%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% inhibition of infection in vitro in more than about 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%), 99% or greater, of a large panel of (greater than 100) HIV-1 envelope pseudotyped viruses and/or viral isolates. In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a composition or pharmaceutical composition comprising one ore a plurality of broad neutralizing antibodies.

As used herein, the term “in combination with,” is not intended to imply that the therapy or the therapeutic agents must be administered at the same time and/or formulated for delivery together, although these methods of delivery are within the scope described herein. The therapeutic agents can be administered concurrently with, prior to, or subsequent to, one or more other additional therapies or therapeutic agents.

The term “antibody”, as used herein, broadly refers to any immunoglobulin (Ig) molecule comprised of four polypeptide chains, two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains, or any functional fragment, mutant, variant, or derivative thereof, which retains the essential epitope binding features of an Ig molecule. Such mutant, variant, or derivative antibody formats are known in the art. Non-limiting embodiments of which are discussed below.

In a full-length antibody, each heavy chain is comprised of a heavy chain variable region (abbreviated herein as HCVR or VH) and a heavy chain constant region. The heavy chain constant region is comprised of three domains, CH1, CH2 and CH3. Each light chain is comprised of a light chain variable region (abbreviated herein as LCVR or VL) and a light chain constant region. The light chain constant region is comprised of one domain, CL. The VH and VL regions can be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability, termed complementarity determining regions (CDR), interspersed with regions that are more conserved, termed framework regions (FR). Each VH and VL is composed of three CDRs and four FRs, arranged from amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order: FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4.

As used herein, “conservative” amino acid substitutions may be defined as set out in Tables A, B, or C below. Antibodies, antibody-like molecules and derivative, mutants, variants and salts thereof include those amino acid sequence wherein conservative substitutions have been introduced by solid state chemistry and/or recombinant modification of nucleic acids that encode amino acid sequences disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the compositions and pharmaceutical compositions of the disclosure comprise, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more conservative amino acid substitutions. Amino acids can be classified according to physical properties and contribution to secondary and tertiary protein structure. A conservative substitution is recognized in the art as a substitution of one amino acid for another amino acid that has similar properties. Exemplary conservative substitutions are set out in Table A.

TABLE A Conservative Substitutions I Side Chain Characteristics Amino Acid Aliphatic Non-polar G A P I L V F Polar - uncharged C S T M N Q Polar - charged D E K R Aromatic H F W Y Other N Q D E

Alternately, conservative amino acids can be grouped as described in Lehninger, (Biochemistry, Second Edition; Worth Publishers, Inc. NY, N.Y. (1975), pp. 71-77) as set forth in Table B.

TABLE B Conservative Substitutions II Side Chain Characteristic Amino Acid Non-polar (hydrophobic) Aliphatic: A L I V P Aromatic: F W Y Sulfur-containing: M Borderline: G Y Uncharged-polar Hydroxyl: S T Y Amides: N Q Sulfhydryl: C Borderline: G Y Positively Charged (Basic): K R H Negatively Charged (Acidic): D E

Alternately, exemplary conservative substitutions are set out in Table C.

TABLE C Conservative Substitutions III Original Residue Exemplary Substitution Ala (A) Val Leu Ile Met Arg (R) Lys His Asn (N) Gln Asp (D) Glu Cys (C) Ser Thr Gln (Q) Asn Glu (E) Asp Gly (G) Ala Val Leu Pro His (H) Lys Arg Ile (I) Leu Val Met Ala Phe Leu (L) Ile Val Met Ala Phe Lys (K) Arg His Met (M) Leu Ile Val Ala Phe (F) Trp Tyr Ile Pro (P) Gly Ala Val Leu Ile Ser (S) Thr Thr (T) Ser Trp (W) Tyr Phe Ile Tyr (Y) Trp Phe Thr Ser Val (V) Ile Leu Met Ala

It should be understood that the polypeptides comprising polypeptide sequences associated with the extracellular matrix described herein are intended to include polypeptides bearing one or more insertions, deletions, or substitutions, or any combination thereof, of amino acid residues as well as modifications other than insertions, deletions, or substitutions of amino acid residues.

As used herein, the term “CDR” refers to the complementarity determining region within antibody variable sequences. In some embodiments, there are three CDRs in each of the variable regions of the heavy chain and the light chain, which are designated CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3, for each of the variable regions. The term “CDR set” as used herein refers to a group of three CDRs that occur in a single variable region capable of binding the antigen. The exact boundaries of these CDRs have been defined differently according to different systems. The system described by Kabat (Kabat et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. (1987) and (1991)) not only provides an unambiguous residue numbering system applicable to any variable region of an antibody, but also provides precise residue boundaries defining the three CDRs. These CDRs may be referred to as Kabat CDRs. Chothia and coworkers (Chothia et al., J. Mol. Biol. 196:901-917 (1987) and Chothia et al., Nature 342:877-883 (1989)) found that certain sub-portions within Kabat CDRs adopt nearly identical peptide backbone conformations, despite having great diversity at the level of amino acid sequence. These sub-portions were designated as L1, L2 and L3 or H1, H2 and H3 where the “L” and the “H” designates the light chain and the heavy chains regions, respectively. These regions may be referred to as Chothia CDRs, which have boundaries that overlap with Kabat CDRs. Other boundaries defining CDRs overlapping with the Kabat CDRs have been described by Padlan (FASEB J. 9:133-139 (1995)) and MacCallum (J Mol Biol 262(5):732-45 (1996)). Still other CDR boundary definitions may not strictly follow one of the above systems, but will nonetheless overlap with the Kabat CDRs, although they may be shortened or lengthened in light of prediction or experimental findings that particular residues or groups of residues or even entire CDRs do not significantly impact antigen binding. The methods used herein may utilize CDRs defined according to any of these systems, although preferred embodiments use Kabat or Chothia defined CDRs.

As used herein, the term “fragment” is defined as a physically contiguous portion of the primary structure of a biomolecule. In the case of polypeptides, a fragment may be defined by a contiguous portion of the amino acid sequence of a protein and may be at least 3-5 amino acids, at least 6-10 amino acids, at least 11-15 amino acids, at least 16-24 amino acids, at least 25-30 amino acids, at least 30-45 amino acids and up to the full length of the protein minus a few amino acids. In the case of polynucleotides, a fragment is defined by a contiguous portion of the nucleic acid sequence of a polynucleotide and may be at least 9-15 nucleotides, at least 15-30 nucleotides, at least 31-45 nucleotides, at least 46-74 nucleotides, at least 75-90 nucleotides, and at least 90-130 nucleotides. In some embodiments, fragments of biomolecules are immunogenic fragments.

In some embodiments, the term “functional fragment” means any portion of a polypeptide or amino acid sequence that is of a sufficient length to retain at least partial biological function that is similar to or substantially similar to the wild-type polypeptide or amino acid sequence upon which the fragment is based. If the fragment is a functional fragment of an antibody or antibody-like molecule, the fragment can be immunogenic and therefore possess a binding avidity for one or a plurality of antigens. In some embodiments, a functional fragment of a polypeptide associated with the extracellular matrix is a polypeptide that comprises 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99% sequence identity of any polypeptide disclosed in Table 1 and has sufficient length to retain at least partial binding affinity to one or a plurality of ligands that bind to the amino acid sequence in Table 1. In some embodiments, the fragment is a fragment of any amino acid sequence disclosed in Table 1 and has a length of at least about 10, about 20, about 30, about 40, about 50, about 60, about 70, about 80, about 90, or about 100 contiguous amino acids. In some embodiments, the fragment is a fragment of any amino acid sequence disclosed in Table 1 and has a length of at least about 50 amino acids. In some embodiments, the fragment is a fragment of any amino acid sequence disclosed in Table I and has a length of at least about 100 amino acids. In some embodiments, the fragment is a fragment of any amino acid sequence disclosed in Table I and has a length of at least about 150 amino acids. In some embodiments, the fragment is a fragment of any amino acid sequence disclosed in Table I and has a length of at least about 200 amino acids. In some embodiments, the fragment is a fragment of any amino acid sequence disclosed in Table I and has a length of at least about 250 amino acids. In some embodiments, the fragment is a fragment of any amino acid sequence disclosed in Table I and has a length of at least about 300 amino acids. In some embodiments, the fragment is a fragment of any amino acid sequence disclosed in Table I and has a length of at least about 350 amino acids. In some embodiments, the fragment is a fragment of any amino acid sequence disclosed in Table I and has a length of at least about 400 amino acids. In some embodiments, the fragment is a fragment of any amino acid sequence disclosed in Table I and has a length of at least about 450 amino acids. In some embodiments, the fragment is a fragment of any amino acid sequence disclosed in Table I and has a length of at least about 500 amino acids. In some embodiments, the fragment is a fragment of any amino acid sequence disclosed in Table I and has a length of at least about 550 amino acids. In some embodiments, the fragment is a fragment of any amino acid sequence disclosed in Table I and has a length of at least about 600 amino acids. In some embodiments, the fragment is a fragment of any amino acid sequence disclosed in Table I and has a length of at least about 650 amino acids. In some embodiments, the fragment is a fragment of any amino acid sequence disclosed in Table I and has a length of at least about 700 amino acids. In some embodiments, the fragment is a fragment of any polypeptide disclosed in Table I and has a length of at least about 750 amino acids. In some embodiments, the fragment is a fragment of any amino acid sequence disclosed in Table I and has a length of at least about 800 amino acids. In some embodiments, the fragment is a fragment of any amino acid sequence disclosed in Table I and has a length of at least about 850 amino acids. In some embodiments, the fragment is a fragment of any amino acid sequence disclosed in Table I and has a length of at least about 900 amino acids. In some embodiments, the fragment is a fragment of any amino acid sequence disclosed in Table I and has a length of at least about 950 amino acids. In some embodiments, the fragment is a fragment of any amino acid sequence disclosed in Table I and has a length of at least about 1000 amino acids. In some embodiments, the fragment is a fragment of any amino acid sequence disclosed in Table I and has a length of at least about 1050 amino acids. In some embodiments, the fragment is a fragment of any amino acid sequence disclosed in Table I and has a length of no more than the aforementioned alternative number of amino acids in this paragraph.

As used herein, the term “framework” or “framework sequence” refers to the remaining sequences of a variable region minus the CDRs. Because the exact definition of a CDR sequence can be determined by different systems, the meaning of a framework sequence is subject to correspondingly different interpretations. The six CDRs (CDR-L1, CDR-L2, and CDR-L3 of light chain and CDR-H1, CDR-H2, and CDR-H3 of heavy chain) also divide the framework regions on the light chain and the heavy chain into four sub-regions (FR1, FR2, FR3 and FR4) on each chain, in which CDR1 is positioned between FR1 and FR2, CDR2 between FR2 and FR3, and CDR3 between FR3 and FR4. Without specifying the particular sub-regions as FR1, FR2, FR3 or FR4, a framework region, as referred by others, represents the combined FR's within the variable region of a single, naturally occurring immunoglobulin chain. As used herein, a FR represents one of the four sub-regions, and FRs represents two or more of the four sub-regions constituting a framework region.

The “variable domain” (variable domain of a light chain (VL), variable domain of a heavy chain (VH)) as used herein denotes each of the pair of light and heavy chains which is involved directly in binding the antibody to the antigen. The domains of variable human light and heavy chains have the same general structure and each domain comprises four framework (FR) regions whose sequences are widely conserved, connected by three “hypervariable regions” (or complementarity determining regions, CDRs). The framework regions adopt a beta-sheet conformation and the CDRs may form loops connecting the beta-sheet structure. The CDRs in each chain are held in their three-dimensional structure by the framework regions and form together with the CDRs from the other chain an antigen binding site. References to “VH” refer to the variable domain of an immunoglobulin heavy chain, including that of an antibody fragment, such as Fv, scFv, dsFv or Fab. References to “VL” refer to the variable domain of an immunoglobulin light chain, including that of an Fv, scFv, dsFv or Fab.

The term “antigen binding portion” or “antigen binding fragment” of an antibody (or simply “antibody portion” or “antibody fragment”), as used herein, refers to one or more fragments of an antibody that retain the ability to specifically bind to an antigen (e.g., hCD40). It has been shown that the antigen-binding function of an antibody can be performed by fragments of a full-length antibody. Such antibody embodiments may also be bispecific, dual specific, or multi-specific formats; specifically binding to two or more different antigens. Examples of binding fragments encompassed within the term “antigen-binding portion” or “antigen binding fragment” of an antibody include (i) a Fab fragment, a monovalent fragment consisting of the VL, VH, CL and CH1 domains; (ii) a F(ab′)2 fragment, a bivalent fragment comprising two Fab fragments linked by a disulfide bridge at the hinge region; (iii) a Fd fragment consisting of the VH and CH1 domains; (iv) a Fv fragment consisting of the VL and VH domains of a single arm of an antibody, (v) a dAb fragment (Ward et al., (1989) Nature 341:544-546, Winter et al., PCT publication WO 90/05144 A1 herein incorporated by reference), which comprises a single variable domain; and (vi) an isolated complementarity determining region (CDR). Furthermore, although the two domains of the Fv fragment, VL and VH, are coded for by separate genes, they can be joined, using recombinant methods, by a synthetic linker that enables them to be made as a single protein chain in which the VL and VH regions pair to form monovalent molecules (known as single chain Fv (scFv); see e.g., Bird et al. (1988) Science 242:423-426; and Huston et al. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:5879-5883). Such single chain antibodies are also intended to be encompassed within the term “antigen-binding portion” or “antigen binding fragment” of an antibody. Other forms of single chain antibodies, such as diabodies are also encompassed. Diabodies are bivalent, bispecific antibodies in which VH and VL domains are expressed on a single polypeptide chain, but using a linker that is too short to allow for pairing between the two domains on the same chain, thereby forcing the domains to pair with complementary domains of another chain and creating two antigen binding sites (see e.g., Holliger, P., et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:6444-6448; Poljak, R. J., et al. (1994) Structure 2:1121-1123). Such antibody binding portions are known in the art (Kontermann and Dubel eds., Antibody Engineering (2001) Springer-Verlag. New York. 790 pp. (ISBN 3-540-41354-5).

Full length antibodies comprise immunoglobulin constant regions of one or more immunoglobulin classes. Immunoglobulin classes include IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE isotypes and, in the case of IgG and IgA, their subtypes. In a preferred embodiment, an full length antibody of the disclosure has a constant domain structure of an IgG type antibody.

The terms “Kabat numbering”, “Kabat definitions and “Kabat labeling” are used interchangeably herein. These terms, which are recognized in the art, refer to a system of numbering amino acid residues which are more variable (i.e., hypervariable) than other amino acid residues in the heavy and light chain variable regions of an antibody, or an antigen-binding portion thereof (Kabat et al. (1971) Ann. NY Acad, Sci. 190:382-391 and, Kabat, E. A., et al. (1991) Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, Fifth Edition, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH Publication No. 91-3242). For the heavy chain variable region, the hypervariable region ranges from amino acid positions 31 to 35 for CDR1, amino acid positions 50 to 65 for CDR2, and amino acid positions 95 to 102 for CDR3. For the light chain variable region, the hypervariable region ranges from amino acid positions 24 to 34 for CDR1, amino acid positions 50 to 56 for CDR2, and amino acid positions 89 to 97 for CDR3.

The term “multispecific antibody” refers to an antibody or antibody-like molecule, or fragment thereof, capable of binding two or more related or unrelated targets, or antigens. Antibody specificity refers to selective recognition of the antibody for a particular epitope, or amino acid sequence, of an antigen. Natural antibodies, for example, are monospecific. Bispecific antibodies are antibodies which have two different antigen-binding specificities. Trispecific antibodies accordingly are antibodies of the disclosure which have three different antigen-binding specificities. Tetraspecific antibodies according to the disclosure are antibodies which have four different antigen-binding specificities.

The term “epitope” includes any polypeptide determinant capable of specific binding to an antibody. In certain embodiments, epitope determinant include chemically active surface groupings of molecules such as amino acids, sugar side chains, phosphoryl, or sulfonyl, and, in certain embodiments, may have specific three dimensional structural characteristics, and or specific charge characteristics. An epitope is a region of an antigen that is bound by an antibody.

The term “antigen” refers to a polypeptide that can stimulate the production of antibodies or a T cell response in an animal, including polypeptides that are injected or absorbed into an animal. An antigen reacts with the products of specific humoral or cellular immunity.

The term “HIV Envelope protein (Env)” refers to the glycoprotein that is found on the surface of HIV. The HIV envelope protein is initially synthesized as a longer precursor protein of 845-870 amino acids in size, designated gp160. gp160 forms a homotrimer and undergoes glycosylation within the Golgi apparatus. In vivo, it is then cleaved by a cellular protease into gp120 and gp41. gp120 contains most of the external, surface-exposed, domains of the HIV envelope glycoprotein complex, and it is gp120 which binds both to cellular CD4 receptors and to cellular chemokine receptors (such as CCR5). gp41 contains a transmembrane domain and remains in a trimeric configuration within the membrane of the virus or the membrane of a host cell; it interacts with gp120 in a noncovalent manner.

The term “CD4” includes polypeptide molecules that are derived from CD4 include fragments of CD4, generated either by chemical (for example enzymatic) digestion or genetic engineering means. Such a fragment may be one or more entire CD4 protein domains. The extracellular domain of CD4 consists of four contiguous immunoglobulin-like regions (D1, D2, D3, and D4, see Sakihama et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92:6444, 1995; U.S. Pat. No. 6,117,655), and amino acids 1 to 183 have been shown to be involved in gp120 binding. For instance, a binding molecule or binding domain derived from CD4 would include a sufficient portion of the CD4 protein to mediate specific and functional interaction between the binding fragment and a native or viral binding site of CD4. One such binding fragment includes both the D1 and D2 extracellular domains of CD4 (D1D2 is also a fragment of soluble CD4 or sCD4 which is comprised of D1 D2 D3 and D4), although smaller fragments may also provide specific and functional CD4-like binding. The gp120-binding site has been mapped to D1 of CD4. CD4 polypeptides also include “CD4-derived molecules” which encompasses analogs (non-protein organic molecules), derivatives (chemically functionalized protein molecules obtained starting with the disclosed protein sequences) or mimetics (three-dimensionally similar chemicals) of the native CD4 structure, as well as proteins sequence variants or genetic alleles that maintain the ability to functionally bind to a target molecule.

The term “CD4 binding site (CD4BS) antibodies” refers to antibodies that bind to the CD4 binding surface of a gp120 polypeptide. The antibodies interfere with or prevent CD4 from binding to a gp120 polypeptide.

The term “gp120” refers to an envelope protein from Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). This envelope protein is initially synthesized as a longer precursor protein of 845-870 amino acids in size, designated gp160. gp160 is cleaved by a cellular protease into gp120 and gp41. gp120 contains most of the external, surface-exposed, domains of the HIV envelope glycoprotein complex, and it is gp120 which binds both to cellular CD4 receptors and to cellular chemokine receptors (such as CCR5). The mature gp120 wildtype polypeptides have about 500 amino acids in the primary sequence. gp120 is heavily N-glycosylated giving rise to an apparent molecular weight of 120 kD. The polypeptide is comprised of five conserved regions (C1-05) and five regions of high variability (V1-V5). Exemplary sequence of wt gp120 polypeptides are shown on GENBANK, for example accession numbers AAB05604 and AAD12142 (as available on Oct. 16, 2009), incorporated by reference herein. It is understood that there are numerous variation in the sequence of gp120 from what is given in GENBANK, for example accession numbers AAB05604 and AAD12142, and that these variants are skill recognized in the art as gp120. The gp120 core has a molecular structure, which includes two domains: an “inner” domain (which faces gp41) and an “outer” domain (which is mostly exposed on the surface of the oligomeric envelope glycoprotein complex). The two gp120 domains are separated by a “bridging sheet” that is not part of either domain. The gp120 core includes 25 beta strands, 5 alpha helices, and 10 defined loop segments.

The term “V3 loops” refers to a loop of about 35 amino acids critical for the binding of the co-receptor and determination of which of the co-receptors will bind. In certain examples the V3 loop includes residues 296-331.

The term “membrane-proximal external region or MPER” refers to a highly conserved region of the gp41 envelope protein. The MPER comprises the last 24 C-terminal amino acids of the gp41 ectodomain, LLELDKWASLWNWF(N/D)ITNWLWYIK (aa 660 to 683) (Zwick et al. J Virol. 2005 January; 79(2):1252-61).

The term “vector”, as used herein, is intended to refer to a nucleic acid molecule capable of transporting another nucleic acid to which it has been linked. One type of vector is a “plasmid”, which refers to a circular double stranded DNA loop into which additional DNA segments may be ligated. Another type of vector is a viral vector, wherein additional DNA segments may be ligated into the viral genome. Certain vectors are capable of autonomous replication in a host cell into which they are introduced (e.g., bacterial vectors having a bacterial origin of replication and episomal mammalian vectors). Other vectors (e.g., non-episomal mammalian vectors) can be integrated into the genome of a host cell upon introduction into the host cell, and thereby are replicated along with the host genome. Moreover, certain vectors are capable of directing the expression of genes to which they are operatively linked. Such vectors are referred to herein as “recombinant expression vectors” (or simply, “expression vectors”). In general, expression vectors of utility in recombinant DNA techniques are often in the form of plasmids. In the present specification, “plasmid” and “vector” may be used interchangeably as the plasmid is the most commonly used form of vector. However, the disclosure is intended to include such other forms of expression vectors, such as viral vectors (e.g., replication defective retroviruses, adenoviruses and adeno-associated viruses), which serve equivalent functions.

“Polynucleotide” or “nucleic acid” as used interchangeably herein, refers to polymers of nucleotides of any length, and include DNA and RNA. The nucleotides can be deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotides, modified nucleotides or bases, and/or their analogs, or any substrate that can be incorporated into a polymer by DNA or RNA polymerase or by a synthetic reaction. A polynucleotide may comprise modified nucleotides, such as methylated nucleotides and their analogs. A sequence of nucleotides may be interrupted by non-nucleotide components. A polynucleotide may comprise modification(s) made after synthesis, such as conjugation to a label. Other types of modifications include, for example, “caps,” substitution of one or more of the naturally occurring nucleotides with an analog, internucleotide modifications such as, for example, those with uncharged linkages (e.g., methyl phosphonates, phosphotriesters, phosphoamidates, carbamates, etc.) and with charged linkages (e.g., phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates, etc.), those containing pendant moieties, such as, for example, proteins (e.g., nucleases, toxins, antibodies, signal peptides, ply-L-lysine, etc.), those with intercalators (e.g., acridine, psoralen, etc.), those containing chelators (e.g., metals, radioactive metals, boron, oxidative metals, etc.), those containing alkylators, those with modified linkages (e.g., alpha anomeric nucleic acids, etc.), as well as unmodified forms of the polynucleotides(s). Further, any of the hydroxyl groups ordinarily present in the sugars may be replaced, for example, by phosphonate groups, phosphate groups, protected by standard protecting groups, or activated to prepare additional linkages to additional nucleotides, or may be conjugated to solid or semi-solid supports. The 5′ and 3′ terminal OH can be phosphorylated or substituted with amines or organic capping group moieties of from 1 to 20 carbon atoms. Other hydroxyls may also be derivatized to standard protecting groups. Polynucleotides can also contain analogous forms of ribose or deoxyribose sugars that are generally known in the art, including, for example, 2′-O-methyl-, 2′-O-allyl-, 2′-fluoro- or 2′-azido-ribose, carbocyclic sugar analogs, .alpha.-anomeric sugars, epimeric sugars such as arabinose, xyloses or lyxoses, pyranose sugars, furanose sugars, sedoheptuloses, acyclic analogs, and basic nucleoside analogs such as methyl riboside. One or more phosphodiester linkages may be replaced by alternative linking groups. These alternative linking groups include, but are not limited to, embodiments wherein phosphate is replaced by P(O)S (“thioate”), P(S)S (“dithioate”), (O)NR2 (“amidate”), P(O)R, P(O)OR′, CO, or CH2 (“formacetal”), in which each R or R′ is independently H or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (1-20C) optionally containing an ether (—O—) linkage, aryl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or araldyl. Not all linkages in a polynucleotide need be identical. The preceding description applies to all polynucleotides referred to herein, including RNA and DNA.

The term “host cell” as used herein is intended to refer to a cell into which exogenous DNA has been introduced. It should be understood that such terms are intended to refer not only to the particular subject cell, but, to the progeny of such a cell. Because certain modifications may occur in succeeding generations due to either mutation or environmental influences, such progeny may not, in fact, be identical to the parent cell, but are still included within the scope of the term “host cell” as used herein. Preferably host cells include prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells selected from any of the Kingdoms of life. Preferred eukaryotic cells include protist, fungal, plant and animal cells. Most preferably host cells include but are not limited to the prokaryotic cell line E. coli; mammalian cell lines CHO, HEK 293 and COS; the insect cell line Sf9; and the fungal cell Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Standard techniques may be used for recombinant DNA, oligonucleotide synthesis, and tissue culture and transformation (e.g., electroporation, lipofection). Enzymatic reactions and purification techniques may be performed according to manufacturer's specifications or as commonly accomplished in the art or as described herein. The foregoing techniques and procedures may be generally performed according to conventional methods well known in the art and as described in various general and more specific references that are cited and discussed throughout the present specification. See e.g., Sambrook et al. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2d ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989)), which is incorporated herein by reference for any purpose.

The term “inhibit” and its various grammatical forms is used to refer to a restraining, blocking, or limiting of the range or extent of a certain biological event or effect.

The term “effective amount,” is used herein to include the amount of an agent (e.g. a multispecific antibody) that, when administered to a patient for treating a subject infection, is sufficient to effect treatment of the disease (e.g., by diminishing, ameliorating or maintaining the existing disease or one or more symptoms of disease or its related comorbidities). The “effective amount” may vary depending on the agent, how it is administered, the disease and its severity and the history, age, weight, family history, genetic makeup, stage of pathological processes, the types of preceding or concomitant treatments, if any, and other individual characteristics of the patient to be treated. An effective amount includes an amount that results in a clinically relevant change or stabilization, as appropriate, of an indicator of a disease or condition. “Effective amount” refers to an amount of a compound, material, or composition, as described herein effective to achieve a particular biological result such as, but not limited to, biological results disclosed, described, or exemplified herein. Such results may include, but are not limited to, the effective reduction of symptoms associated with any of the disease states mentioned herein, as determined by any means suitable in the art. The effective amount of the composition may be dependent on any number of variables, including without limitation, the species, breed, size, height, weight, age, overall health of the subject, the type of formulation, the mode or manner or administration, the type and/or severity of the particular condition being treated, or the need to modulate the activity of the molecular pathway induced by association of the analog to its receptor. The appropriate effective amount can be routinely determined by those of skill in the art using routine optimization techniques and the skilled and informed judgment of the practitioner and other factors evident to those skilled in the art. An effective dose of the antibodies or mutants or variants described herein may provide partial or complete biological activity as compared to the biological activity induced by the wild-type or naturally occurring polypeptides upon which the antibodies or mutants or variants are derived. A therapeutically effective dose of the antibodies or mutants or variants described herein may provide a sustained biochemical or biological affect and/or an increased resistance to degradation when placed in solution as compared with the normal affect observed when the naturally occurring and fully processed tranlated protein is administered to the same subject.

An “immunoconjugate” is an antibody or multispecific antibody conjugated to one or more heterologous molecule(s), including but not limited to a cytotoxic agent.

The term “cytotoxic agent” as used herein refers to a substance that inhibits or prevents a cellular function and/or causes cell death or destruction. Cytotoxic agents include, but are not limited to, radioactive isotopes; growth inhibitory agents; enzymes and fragments thereof such as nucleolytic enzymes; antibiotics; toxins such as small molecule toxins or enzymatically active toxins of bacterial, fungal, plant or animal origin, including fragments and/or variants thereof.

The term “administer” as used herein means to give or to apply. The term “administering” as used herein includes in vivo administration.

The term “linker” refers to a chemical moiety that connects one peptide to another, e.g., one antibody to another. Linkers can also be used to attach antibodies to labels or solid substrates. A linker can include amino acids. Linkers can be straight or branched, saturated or unsaturated carbon chains. They can also include one or more heteroatoms within the chain.

The term “pharmaceutical composition” refers to a preparation which is in such form as to permit the biological activity of an active ingredient contained therein to be effective, and which contains no additional components which are unacceptably toxic to a subject to which the composition would be administered. A pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure can be administered by a variety of methods known in the art. As will be appreciated by the skilled artisan, the route and/or mode of administration will vary depending upon the desired results. To administer an antibody according to the disclosure by certain routes of administration, it may be necessary to coat the antibody with, or co-administer the antibody with, a material to prevent its inactivation. For example, the antibody may be administered to a subject in an appropriate carrier, for example, liposomes, or a diluent. Pharmaceutically acceptable diluents include saline and aqueous buffer solutions.

A “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers to an ingredient in a pharmaceutical formulation, other than an active ingredient, which is nontoxic to a subject. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like that are physiologically compatible. In one preferred embodiment, the carrier is suitable for intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, parenteral, spinal or epidermal administration (e.g. by injection or infusion).

The pharmaceutical compositions according to the disclosure may also contain adjuvants such as preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing agents. Prevention of presence of microorganisms may be ensured both by sterilization procedures, supra, and by the inclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, and the like. It may also be desirable to include isotonic agents, such as sugars, sodium chloride, and the like into the compositions. In addition, prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form may be brought about by the inclusion of agents which delay absorption such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin.

The term “subject” is used throughout the specification to describe an animal to which one or more compositions comprising the antibody or antibodies disclosed herein. In some embodiment, the animal is a human. For diagnosis of those conditions which are specific for a specific subject, such as a human being, the term “patient” may be interchangeably used. In some instances in the description of the present disclosure, the term “patient” will refer to human patients suffering from a particular disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the subject may be a human suspected of having or being identified as at risk to develop HIV infection. In some embodiments, the subject is suspecte of having or has been diagnosed with HIV or HIV-1 infection or AIDS. In some embodiments, the subject may be a human suspected of having or being identified as at risk to develop AIDS or an AIDS-associated disorder. In some embodiments, the subject may be a mammal. In some embodiments, the subject may be a non-human animal. The term “mammal” encompasses both humans and non-humans and includes but is not limited to humans, non-human primates, canines, felines, murines, bovines, equines, and porcines. is used herein to refer to an animal, such as a mammal, including a primate (such as a human, a non-human primate, e.g., a monkey, and a chimpanzee), a non-primate (such as a cow, a pig, a camel, a llama, a horse, a goat, a rabbit, a sheep, a hamster, a guinea pig, a cat, a dog, a rat, a mouse, a horse, and a whale), or a bird (e.g., a duck or a goose). In an embodiment, the subject is a human, such as a human being treated or assessed for an HIV infection; or a human having an HIV infection that would benefit from a multispecific antibody as described herein. In some embodiments, the subject is a subject in need thereof, meaning that the subject is need of the treatment being administered.

The term “salt” refers to acidic salts formed with inorganic and/or organic acids, as well as basic salts formed with inorganic and/or organic bases. Examples of these acids and bases are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Such acid addition salts will normally be pharmaceutically acceptable although salts of non-pharmaceutically acceptable acids may be of utility in the preparation and purification of the compound in question. Salts include those formed from hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulphuric, phosphoric, citric, tartaric, lactic, pyruvic, acetic, succinic, fumaric, maleic, methanesulphonic and benzenesulphonic acids. In some embodiments, salts of the compositions comprising either an antibody or antibody-like molecule may be formed by reacting the free base, or a salt, enantiomer or racemate thereof, with one or more equivalents of the appropriate acid. In some embodiments, pharmaceutical acceptable salts of the present disclosure refer to derivatives or amino acid sequences comprising at least one basic group or at least one basic radical. In some embodiments, pharmaceutical acceptable salts of the disclosed compositions comprise a free amino group, a free guanidino group, a pyrazinyl radical, or a pyridyl radical that forms acid addition salts. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical acceptable salts of the present disclosure refer to modified amino acids that are acid addition salts of the subject compounds with (for example) inorganic acids, such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid or a phosphoric acid, or with suitable organic carboxylic or sulfonic acids, for example aliphatic mono- or di-carboxylic acids, such as trifluoroacetic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, hydroxymaleic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid or oxalic acid, or amino acids such as arginine or lysine, aromatic carboxylic acids, such as benzoic acid, 2-phenoxy-benzoic acid, 2-acetoxybenzoic acid, salicylic acid, 4-aminosalicylic acid, aromatic-aliphatic carboxylic acids, such as mandelic acid or cinnamic acid, heteroaromatic carboxylic acids, such as nicotinic acid or isonicotinic acid, aliphatic sulfonic acids, such as methane-, ethane- or 2-hydroxyethane-sulfonic acid, or aromatic sulfonic acids, for example benzene-, p-toluene- or naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid. When several basic groups are present mono- or poly-acid addition salts may be formed. The reaction may be carried out in a solvent or medium in which the salt is insoluble or in a solvent in which the salt is soluble, for example, water, dioxane, ethanol, tetrahydrofuran or diethyl ether, or a mixture of solvents, which may be removed in vacuo or by freeze drying. The reaction may also be a metathetical process or it may be carried out on an ion exchange resin. In some embodiments, the salts may be those that are physiologically tolerated by a patient. Salts according to the present disclosure may be found in their anhydrous form or as in hydrated crystalline form (i.e., complexed or crystallized with one or more molecules of water). In some embodiments, the compositions or pharmaceutical compositions comprise crystalline forms or lyophilized forms of the antibodies, antibody-like molecules or salts thereof.

The term “treat” or “treating” includes abrogating, substantially inhibiting, slowing or reversing the progression of a disease, condition or disorder, substantially ameliorating clinical or esthetical symptoms of a condition, substantially preventing the appearance of clinical or esthetical symptoms of a disease, condition, or disorder, and protecting from harmful or annoying symptoms. The term “treat” or “treating” as used herein further refers to accomplishing one or more of the following: (a) reducing the severity of the disorder; (b) limiting development of symptoms characteristic of the disorder(s) being treated; (c) limiting worsening of symptoms characteristic of the disorder(s) being treated; (d) limiting recurrence of the disorder(s) in patients that have previously had the disorder(s); and (e) limiting recurrence of symptoms in patients that were previously symptomatic for the disorder(s).

The term “potency” as used herein refers to the neutralization capacity, i.e. the IC₅₀ or IC₈₀ of the antibody, or fragment thereof.

Humanization and primatization refer to in cases where the tri-specific fusion antibody or the three antibodies forming the tri-specific fusion antibody are non-human antibodies, the antibody can be “humanized” to reduce immunogenicity to a human recipient. Methods for humanizing non-human antibodies have been described in the art. See, e.g., Jones et al., Nature 321:522-525 (1986); Riechmann et al, Nature 332:323-327 (1988); Verhoeyen et al., Science 239: 1534-1536 (1988), and U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567. Generally, residues from the variable domain of a non-human antibody are “imported” into a human immunoglobulin molecule, resulting in antibodies in which some hypervariable region residues and possibly some FR residues of a human antibody are substituted by residues from analogous sites of non-human antibodies. It is important to humanize a non-human antibody while retaining high affinity for the antigen. To this end, three dimensional immunoglobulin models are commonly available and suitable for use in analyzing proposed humanized sequences in comparison to the parental non-human antibodies. Such analysis permits identification of residues likely involved in recognition and binding of the antigen, and therefore rational design of humanized sequences that retain the specificity and affinity for the antigen.

In specific embodiments, tri-specific fusion antibodies are formed from anti-HIV human or humanized antibodies.

Similarly, a tri-specific fusion antibody or the three antibodies forming the fusion can be “primatized” to reduce immunogenicity to another primate, non-human recipient, e.g., a rhesus recipient. Residues from the variable domain of a donor antibody (such as a non-primate antibody or an antibody of a primate species different from the recipient primate) are “imported” into a nonhuman primate recipient immunoglobulin molecule, resulting in antibodies in which some hypervariable region residues and possibly some FR residues of a nonhuman primate antibody are substituted by residues from analogous sites of donor antibodies. Alternatively, primatized antibodies can be made for use in a desirable primate species by using a recipient immunoglobulin having non-primate sequences or sequences from a different primate species by introducing the Fc fragment, and/or residues, including particularly framework region residues, from the desirable primate, into the recipient immunoglobulin.

By “affinity maturation” is meant when one or more hypervariable region residues of an antibody can be substituted to select for variants that have improved biological properties relative to the parent antibody by employing, e.g., affinity maturation using phage or yeast display. For example, the Fab region of an anti-HIV antibody can be mutated at several sites selected based on available structural information to generate all possible amino substitutions at each site. The antibody variants thus generated are displayed in a monovalent fashion from phage particles or on the surface of yeast cells. The displayed variants are then screened for their biological activity (e.g. binding affinity).

The term “IC₅₀” as used herein refers to the concentration of an inhibitor, such as a multispecific antibody, where the response or biological activity is reduced by half.

The term “IC₈₀” as used herein refers to the concentration of an inhibitor (e.g. a multispecific antibody) where the response or biological activity is reduced by eighty percent.

Compositions Comprising Anti-HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies (bNAbs)

In some embodiments, the present disclosure involves multimeric anti-HIV-1 broad neutralizing antibodies (or “bNAbs”). In some embodiments, bNAbs target conserved sites of vulnerability on the HIV-1 envelope (env). In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to pharmaceutical compositions or compositions comprising one or a plurality of bNAbs disclosed herein. In some embodiments, if a composition comprises two or more bNAbs, the mixture may be hetergeneous, meaning that there are two different species of bNAbs in the same composition. In some embodiments, if a composition comprises two or more bNAbs, the mixture may be homogeneous, meaning that there is a single species of bNAb in the same composition. All embodiments of combinations of bNAbs are contemplated by this disclosure. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein comprises a combination of two, three, four, five, or six or more different species of antibodies disclosed herein.

The disclosure relates to the identification of a sequence orientation of antibody fragments that are capable of neutralizing HIV ENV protein on the surface of a cell, in vitro or in vivo, or in culture. In some embodiments, The disclosure relates to the identification of a sequence orientation of antibody fragments that are sufficient to neutralize or bind up to or at least about 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or up to 100% of viral isolates in culture or in a subject. In some embodiments, the antibody or antibody-like molecule comprises an orientation set forth in FIG. 20. In some embodiments, the antibody or antibody-like molecule comprises an orientation in which, beginning on the amino terminius of an arm of the antibody or antibody-like molecule and following to the carboxy terminus of the molecule, 1, 2, or 3 CDR sequences from the variable light and/or heavy chain of VCOR1 or VCOR7 are fused to 1, 2, or 3 CDR sequences from the variable light and/or heavy chain of PT121 by a linker comprising 3, 4, 5 or more amino acid sequences (GGGGS) or a linker equivalent in angstrom length of 3, 4, or 5 or more amino acid sequences (GGGGS). In some embodiments, the antibody comprises amino acid sequences that are at least 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% homologous to 1, 2, and/or 3 CDR sequences from the variable light and/or heavy chain of VCOR1 and/or PT12. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises amino acid sequences that are at least 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% homologous to 1, 2, or 3 CDR sequences from the variable light and/or heavy chain of PT121. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises amino acid sequences that are at least 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% homologous to 1, 2, or 3 CDR sequences from the variable light and/or heavy chain of VCOR1. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises an antibody fragment of Fv_(sc) of VCOR1 fused to an antibody fragment of Fv_(sc) of PT121 by a linker GGGGS that is repeated 3, 4, or 5 times. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a linker comprising GGGGS repeated no less than 4 times, 5 times, or 6 times between each set of variable light chains specific a for a different epitope. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a linker comprising GGGGS repeated no less than 4 times, 5 times, or 6 times between each set of variable heavy chains specific for a different epitope. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a linker comprising GGGGS repeated no less than 4 times, 5 times, or 6 times between each set of CDR amino acid sequences specific for a different epitope. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises amino acid sequences that are at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% homologous to any one or combination of sequences of Table 1.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to an antibody with at least one antibody fragment specific for an CD4s epitope fused to at least one antibody fragment specific for an V1/V2-glycan region epitope by a linker GGGGS that is repeated 3, 4, or 5 times or a linker equivalent in length to an amino acid sequence GGGGS repeated 3, 4, or 5 times. In some embodiments, the antibody has at least three valencies, wherein the first valency comprises or consists of antibody fragment specific for an CD4s epitope; wherein the second valency comprises or consists of antibody fragment specific for a V1/V2-glycan region epitope; and wherein the third valency comprises or consists of an antibody fragment specific for an epitope that is located in the gp41 membrane proximal external region (MPER). In some embodiments, if any one antibody fragment comprises both heavy and light variable chains specific for one of the epiptopes disclosed herein, the heavy and light variable chains of such antibody are separated by a linker that comprises the amino acid sequence GGGGS repeated 1, 2, 3, 4 or more times. n some embodiments, if any one antibody fragment comprises both heavy and light variable chains specific for one of the epiptopes disclosed herein, the heavy and light variable chains of such antibody are separated by a linker that comprises the amino acid sequence GGGGS repeated 3 times. In some embodiments, the linker GGGGS is replaced with a linker of equivalent length such that orientation of and distance between the various variable heavy and light chain antibody fragments remains substantially comparable or identical to the orientation and distance between the various variable heavy and light chain antibody fragments separated by one or more amino acid sequences GGGGS.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to an antibody comprising a variable portion and a constant portion, the variable portion comprising any one or plurality of variable heavy and/or light antibody fragments (such as a scFv fragment) capable of binding to one or more of the epiptopes disclosed herein, and the constant portion comprising an IgG-like domain. The IgG domain can comprise SEQ ID NO:28 or any amino acid sequence from about 50% to about 99% homolgous to SEQ ID NO:28. In some embodiments, the variable portion of the antibody comprising 1, 2, 3, 4 or more amino acid sequences capable of binding any 1, 2, 3, or 4 or more epitopes disclosed herein, wherein each amino acid sequence capable of binding an epitope is separated by at least 3, 4, or 5 contiguous amino acid linkers (such as GGGGS). In some embodiments, the variable portion comprises one or more CDR sequences specific for an epitope disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the variable portion comprises at least three or at least four amino acid domains comprising from 1 to about 3 CDR sequences specific for an epitope disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the order in which the CDR sequences are placed or oriented within the antibody correlates to its efficacy in neutralizing various isolates of HIV. Any permutation or order of CDR sequences disclosed in Table 1 is contemplated.

Various bNAbs are known in the art and can be used according to this disclosure. In some embodiments, the present disclosure comprises a composition or cell comprising bispecific, trispecific or tetraspecific anti-HIV bNAbs. Examples include but are not limited to those described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,673,307, WO2014063059, WO2012158948, WO2015/117008, and PCT/US2015/41272, including antibodies 3BNC117, 3BNC60, 12A12, 12A21, NIH45-46, bANC131, 8ANC134, D32530, INC9, 8ANC195. 8ANC196, 10-259, 10-303, 10-410, 10-847, 10-996, 10-1074, 10-1121, 10-1130, 10-1146, 10-1341, 10-1369, and 10-1074GM. Additional examples include those described in Klein et al, Nature, 2012. 492(7427): p. 118-22, Horwitz et al, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2013. 110(41): p. 16538-43, Scheid, et al. 2011. Science, 333: 1633-1637, Scheid, et al. 2009. Nature, 458:636-640, Eroshkin et al, Nucleic Acids Res. 2014 January; 42 (Database issue):D1 133-9, Mascola et al. Immunol Rev. 2013 July; 254(1):225-44.

Certain bNAbs target conserved sites of vulnerability on the HIV-1 envelope (ENV) such as the CD4 binding site (CD4bs). The b12 monoclonal antibody was for many years considered the prototype and optimal CD4bs bNAb, although it was only able to neutralize about 40% of HIV-1 strains. In 2010, a new group of CD4bs antibodies named VRC01, VRC02, and VRC03 was disclosed. Of these, VRC01 was the most potent and broad. In a large neutralization panel (190 viruses), VRC01 neutralized 91% of viruses with an IC₅₀ less than 50 μg/ml and 72% of viruses with an IC50 less than 1 μg/ml (Wu et al., Science, 329(5993):856-861, 2010). Structural analyses have explained VRC01's high potency and breadth: VRC01 partially mimics the CD4 interaction with gp120. Specifically, the majority of the gp120 area targeted by VRC01 is the highly conserved site of initial CD4 attachment in the outer domain of gp120, which allows VRC01 to bypass conformational and glycan masking that impaired previously identified CD4bs bNAbs. Both the heavy and light chain of VRC01 contribute to the binding of gp120, with the CDRH2 providing the primary interaction, and CDRL1, CDRL3, CDRH1, and CDRH3 providing additional contact points. It has been shown that passive transfer of VRC01 protects against intrarectal or intravaginal simian-HIV (SHIV) challenge in non-human primates.

VRC01 is a monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to gp120 and is neutralizes a broad range of HIV viruses. The amino acid sequences of the variable heavy (VH) chain and variable light (VL) chain of VRC01 are shown in SEQ ID NOs 6 and 2, respectively and have been described in Wu et al., Science, 329(5993):856-861, 2010, and PCT publication WO2012/154312, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. The heavy chain CDRs (CDR1, CDR2, CDR3) are shown in SEQ ID NOs 7, 8, 9, respectively. The light chain CDRs are shown in SEQ ID NOs 3, 4, 5, respectively.

VRC01-like antibodies are described, for example in US20170267748, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Generally, these antibodies bind to the CD4 binding surface of gp120 in substantially the same orientation as VRC01, and are broadly neutralizing VRC01-like antibodies, with several of the important contacts between CD4 and gp120 mimicked by the VRC01-like antibodies. Several VRC01-like antibodies are available, including VRC01-like antibodies, heavy chains and light chains disclosed in PCT International Application No. PCT/US2010/050295, filed Sep. 24, 2010, which is incorporated by reference herein and Wu et al., “Rational design of envelope identifies broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies to HIV-1,” Science, 329(5993):856-861, 2010, which is incorporated by reference herein. These include heavy and light chains of the VRC01, VRC02, VRC03, VRC06, VRC07, 3BNC117, IOMA and N6. In one embodiment, the antibody that binds to an epitope in the CD4-binding site of the of the envelope protein of HIV-1 is selected from the group consisting of VRC03, VRC06, VRC07, 3BNC117, IOMA, and N6. The amino acid sequences of the heavy and light variable regions of VRC03 are shown in SEQ ID NOs 162 and 158, respectively and have been described in Wu et al., (Science. 2010 Aug. 13; 329(5993):856-61; PMID 20616233). The heavy chain CDRs (CDR1, CDR2, CDR3) are shown in SEQ ID NOs 163, 164, 165, respectively. The light chain CDRs (CDR1, CDR2, CDR3) are shown in SEQ ID NOs 159, 160, 161, respectively. The amino acid sequences of the heavy and light variable regions of VRC06 are shown in SEQ ID NOs 170 and 166, respectively and have been described in Li et al., (J Virol. 2012 October; 86(20):11231-41; PMID 22875963). The heavy chain CDRs (CDR1, CDR2, CDR3) are shown in SEQ ID NOs 171, 172, 173, respectively. The light chain CDRs (CDR1, CDR2, CDR3) are shown in SEQ ID NOs 167, 168, 169, respectively. The amino acid sequences of the heavy and light variable regions of VRC07 are shown in SEQ ID NOs 178 and 2, respectively and have been described in Rudicell et al., (J Virol. 2014 November; 88(21):12669-82; PMID 25142607). The heavy chain CDRs (CDR1, CDR2, CDR3) are shown in SEQ ID NOs 179, 180, 181, respectively. The light chain CDRs (CDR1, CDR2, CDR3) are shown in SEQ ID NOs 3, 4, 5, respectively. The amino acid sequences of the heavy and light variable regions of 3BNC117 are shown in SEQ ID NOs 186 and 182, respectively and have been described in Scheid et al., (Science. 2011 Sep. 16; 333(6049):1633-7; PMID 21764753). The heavy chain CDRs (CDR1, CDR2, CDR3) are shown in SEQ ID NOs 187, 188, 189, respectively. The light chain CDRs (CDR1, CDR2, CDR3) are shown in SEQ ID NOs 183, 184, 185, respectively. The amino acid sequences of the heavy and light variable regions of IOMA are shown in SEQ ID NOs 202 and 198, respectively and have been described in Gristick et al., (Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2016 October; 23(10):906-915; PMID 27617431). The heavy chain CDRs (CDR1, CDR2, CDR3) are shown in SEQ ID NOs 203, 204, 205, respectively. The light chain CDRs (CDR1, CDR2, CDR3) are shown in SEQ ID NOs 199, 200, 201, respectively. The amino acid sequences of the heavy and light variable regions of N6 are shown in SEQ ID NOs 194 and 190, respectively and have been described in Huang et al., (Immunity. 2016 Nov. 15; 45(5):1108-1121; PMID 27851912). The heavy chain CDRs (CDR1, CDR2, CDR3) are shown in SEQ ID NOs 195, 196, 197, respectively. The light chain CDRs (CDR1, CDR2, CDR3) are shown in SEQ ID NOs 191, 192, 193, respectively.

PGT121, PGT122, PGT123, PGT127, PGT128, PGT135, 10-1074 and BG18 are a family of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies that specifically bind to the V1/V2 and V3 regions of HIV-1 Env and can inhibit HIV-1 infection of target cells. PGT121, PGT122, and PGT123 mAbs and methods of producing them are described in, for example, Walker et al., Nature, 477:466-470, 2011, and Int. Pub. No. WO 2012/030904, each of which is incorporated by reference herein. PGT127 and PGT128 are described in, for example Pejchal et al. (Science, 2011 Nov. 25, 334 (6059): 1097-103). PGT135 is described, for example, in Kong et al. (Nature Structural and Molecular Biology, 2013 July, 20:796-803). In one embodiment, the antibody that binds to an epitope in the V3-glycan region of the of the envelope protein of HIV-1 is selected from the group consisting of PGT121, PGT122, PGT128, PGT135, 10-1074, and BG18. The amino acid sequences of the heavy and light variable regions of PGT121 are shown in SEQ ID NOs 14 and 10, respectively. The heavy chain CDRs (CDR1, CDR2, CDR3) are shown in SEQ ID NOs 15, 16, 17, respectively. The light chain CDRs are shown in SEQ ID NOs 11, 12, 13, respectively. The amino acid sequences of the heavy and light variable regions of 10-1074 are shown in SEQ ID NOs 58 and 54, respectively and have been described in Mouquet et al. ((2012) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 109: E3268-E3277). The heavy chain CDRs (CDR1, CDR2, CDR3) are shown in SEQ ID NOs 59, 60, 61, respectively. The light chain CDRs (CDR1, CDR2, CDR3) are shown in SEQ ID NOs 55, 56, 57, respectively. The amino acid sequences of the heavy and light variable regions of BG18 are shown in SEQ ID NOs 66 and 62, respectively and have been described in Freund et al. ((2012) Sci Transl Med. 2017 Jan. 18; 9(373); PMID 28100831). The heavy chain CDRs (CDR1, CDR2, CDR3) are shown in SEQ ID NOs 67, 68, 69, respectively. The light chain CDRs (CDR1, CDR2, CDR3) are shown in SEQ ID NOs 63, 64, 65, respectively. The amino acid sequences of the heavy and light variable regions of PGT135 are shown in SEQ ID NOs 74 and 70, respectively and have been described in Kong et al. (Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2013 July; 20(7):796-80; PMID 23708606). The heavy chain CDRs (CDR1, CDR2, CDR3) are shown in SEQ ID NOs 75, 76, 77, respectively. The light chain CDRs (CDR1, CDR2, CDR3) are shown in SEQ ID NOs 71, 72, 73, respectively. The amino acid sequences of the heavy and light variable regions of PGT122 are shown in SEQ ID NOs 82 and 78, respectively and have been described in Julien et al. (PLoS Pathog. 2013; 9(5):e1003342; PMID 23658524). The heavy chain CDRs (CDR1, CDR2, CDR3) are shown in SEQ ID NOs 83, 84, 85, respectively. The light chain CDRs (CDR1, CDR2, CDR3) are shown in SEQ ID NOs 79, 80, 81, respectively. The amino acid sequences of the heavy and light variable regions of PGT128 are shown in SEQ ID NOs 90 and 86, respectively and have been described in Lee et al. (Structure. 2015 Oct. 6; 23(10):1943-51; PMID 26388028). The heavy chain CDRs (CDR1, CDR2, CDR3) are shown in SEQ ID NOs 91, 92, 93, respectively. The light chain CDRs (CDR1, CDR2, CDR3) are shown in SEQ ID NOs 87, 88, 89, respectively.

35022, N123-VRC34.01, 3BC315, and PGT151 are broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibody that specifically bind to the gp120/gp41 interface of HIV-1 Env in its prefusion mature (cleaved) conformation, and which can inhibit HIV-1 infection of target cells. PGT151 antibody and methods of producing this antibody are described in, for example, Blattner et al., Immunity, 40, 669-680, 2014, and Falkowska et al., Immunity, 40, 657-668, 2014, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). The amino acid sequences of the heavy and light variable regions of the PGT151 mAb are known and have been deposited in GenBank as Nos. KJ700282.1 (PGT151 VH) and KJ700290.1 (PGT151 VL), each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). In one embodiment, the antibody that binds to an epitope in the gp120/gp41 interface of the of the envelope protein of HIV-1 is selected from the group consisting of 35022, N123-VRC34.01, 3BC315, and PGT151. The amino acid sequences of the heavy and light variable regions of N123-VRC34.01 are shown in SEQ ID NOs 138 and 134, respectively and have been described in Kong et al., (Science 352 (6287), 828-833 (2016)). The heavy chain CDRs (CDR1, CDR2, CDR3) are shown in SEQ ID NOs 139, 140, 141, respectively. The light chain CDRs (CDR1, CDR2, CDR3) are shown in SEQ ID NOs 135, 136, 137, respectively. The amino acid sequences of the heavy and light variable regions of 3BC315 are shown in SEQ ID NOs 146 and 142, respectively and have been described in Lee et al. (Nat Commun. 2015 Sep. 25; 6:8167; PMID 26404402). The heavy chain CDRs (CDR1, CDR2, CDR3) are shown in SEQ ID NOs 147, 148, 149, respectively. The light chain CDRs (CDR1, CDR2, CDR3) are shown in SEQ ID NOs 143, 144, 145, respectively. The amino acid sequences of the heavy and light variable regions of PGT151 are shown in SEQ ID NOs 154 and 150, respectively and have been described in Blattner et al. (Immunity. 2014 May 15; 40(5):669-80; PMID 24768348). The heavy chain CDRs (CDR1, CDR2, CDR3) are shown in SEQ ID NOs 155, 156, 157, respectively. The light chain CDRs (CDR1, CDR2, CDR3) are shown in SEQ ID NOs 151, 152, 153, respectively.

10E8, 10E8v4, 10E8v4 S100cF, Dh511.2 k3, Z13, 4E10, and 2F5 are broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibody that primarily targets a HIV Env membrane proximal external region (MPER) helix spanning residues 671-683. In one embodiment, the antibody that binds to an epitope in the MPER of the of the envelope protein of HIV-1 is selected from the group consisting of: 10E8, 10E8v4, 10E8v4 S100cF, Dh511.2_k3, Z13, 4E10, and 2F5. The amino acid sequences of the heavy and light variable regions of 10E8v4 are shown in SEQ ID NOs 98 and 94, respectively and have been described in Kwon et al. (J Virol. 2016 Jun. 10; 90(13):5899-914; PMID PMC4907239). The heavy chain CDRs (CDR1, CDR2, CDR3) are shown in SEQ ID NOs 99, 100, 101, respectively. The light chain CDRs (CDR1, CDR2, CDR3) are shown in SEQ ID NOs 95, 96, 97, respectively. The amino acid sequences of the heavy and light variable regions of 10E8v4 S100cF are shown in SEQ ID NOs 106 and 94, respectively and have been described in PCT/US2016/060390 and WO2017079479. The heavy chain CDRs (CDR1, CDR2, CDR3) are shown in SEQ ID NOs 107, 108, 109, respectively. The light chain CDRs (CDR1, CDR2, CDR3) are shown in SEQ ID NOs 95, 96, 97, respectively. The amino acid sequences of the heavy and light variable regions of DH511.2_k3 are shown in SEQ ID NOs 114 and 110, respectively and have been described in Williams et al. (Sci Immunol. 2017 Jan. 27; 2(7); PMID 28783671). The heavy chain CDRs (CDR1, CDR2, CDR3) are shown in SEQ ID NOs 115, 116, 117, respectively. The light chain CDRs (CDR1, CDR2, CDR3) are shown in SEQ ID NOs 111, 112, 113, respectively. The amino acid sequences of the heavy and light variable regions of 4E10 are shown in SEQ ID NOs 122 and 118, respectively and have been described in Rujas et al. (J Virol. 2015 December; 89(23):11975-89; PMID 26378169). The heavy chain CDRs (CDR1, CDR2, CDR3) are shown in SEQ ID NOs 123, 124, 125, respectively. The light chain CDRs (CDR1, CDR2, CDR3) are shown in SEQ ID NOs 119, 120, 121, respectively. The amino acid sequences of the heavy and light variable regions of 2F5 are shown in SEQ ID NOs 130 and 126, respectively and have been described in Julien et al. J Mol Biol. 2008 Dec. 12; 384(2):377-92; PMID 18824005). The heavy chain CDRs (CDR1, CDR2, CDR3) are shown in SEQ ID NOs 131, 132, 133, respectively. The light chain CDRs (CDR1, CDR2, CDR3) are shown in SEQ ID NOs 126, 127, 128, respectively.

PGT141, PGT142, PGT143, and PGT145 are family of broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies that specifically bind to the V1/V2 domain of the HIV-1 Env ectodomain trimer in its prefusion mature closed conformation, and which can inhibit HIV-1 infection of target cells. PGT141, PGT142, PGT143, and PGT145 mAbs and methods of producing them are described in, for example, Walker et al., Nature, 477:466-470, 2011, and Int. Pub. No. WO2012/030904, each of which is incorporated by reference herein). The amino acid sequences of the heavy and light variable regions of the PGT141, PGT142, PGT143, PGT144, and PGT145 mAbs are known and have been deposited in GenBank as Nos. JN201906.1 (PGT141 VH), JN201923.1 (PGT141 VL), JN201907.1 (PGT142 VH), JN201924.1 (PGT142 VL), JN201908.1 (PGT143 VH), JN201925.1 (PGT143 VL), JN201909.1 (PGT144 VH), JN201926.1 (PGT144 VL), JN201910.1 (PGT145 VH), and JN201927.1 (PGT145 VL), each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety).

In one embodiment, the disclosure features an antibody, or a fragment thereof, or a salt thereof that binds to an epitope that is located in the CD4-binding site (CD4bs). In one embodiment, the disclosure features an antibody, or a fragment thereof, that binds to an epitope that is located in the V1/V2-glycan region. In one embodiment, the disclosure features an antibody, or a fragment thereof, that binds to an epitope that is located in the V3-glycan region. In one embodiment, the disclosure features an antibody, or a fragment thereof, that binds to an epitope that is located in the gp41 membrane proximal external region (MPER). In one embodiment, the disclosure features an antibody, or a fragment thereof, that binds to an epitope that is located the gp120-gp41 interface of the envelope protein of HIV.

In one embodiment, the present disclosure is directed to an antibody, or an antigen binding fragment thereof, or a salt thereof, comprising any one or combination of the antigen binding regions of any of the antibodies described in Table 1.

TABLE 1  SEQ ID NO Description Sequence 1 VRC01 (VL-3x- EIVLTQSPGTLSLSPGETAIISCRTSQYGSLAWYQQRPGQAPRLVIYS VH)-(5X)-PGT121 GSTRAAGIPDRFSGSRWGPDYNLTISNLESGDFGVYYCQQYEFFGQGT (VL-3x-VH) ScEv KVQVDIKGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQVQLVQSGGQMKKPGESMRISCRASG amino acid YEFIDCTLNWIRLAPGKRPEWMGWLKPRGGAVNYARPLQGRVTMTRDV sequence YSDTAFLELRSLTVDDTAVYFCTRGKNCDYNWDFEHWGRGTPVIVSSG GGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSSDISVAPGETARISCGEKSLGSRA VQWYQHRAGQAPSLIIYNNQDRPSGIPERFSGSPDSPFGTTATLTITS VEAGDEADYYCHIWDSRVPTKWVFGGGTTLTVLGGGGSGGGGSGGGGS QMQLQESGPGLVKPSETLSLTCSVSGASISDSYWSWIRRSPGKGLEWI GYVHKSGDTNYSPSLKSRVNLSLDTSKNQVSLSLVAATAADSGKYYCA RTLHGRRIYGIVAFNEWFTYFYMDVWGNGTQVTVSSGSGHHHHHH 2 VRC01 variable EIVLTQSPGTLSLSPGETAIISCRTSQYGSLAWYQQRPGQAPRLVIYS light (VL) chain GSTRAAGIPDRFSGSRWGPDYNLTISNLESGDFGVYYCQQYEFFGQGT amino acid KVQVDIK sequence 3 VL-CDR1 RTSQYGSLA 4 VL-CDR2 SGSTRAA 5 VL-CDR3 QQYEF 6 VRC01 variable QVQLVQSGGQMKKPGESMRISCRASGYEFIDCTLNWIRLAPGKRPEWM heavy (VH) chain GWLKPRGGAVNYARPLQGRVTMTRDVYSDTAFLELRSLTVDDTAVYFC amino acid TRGKNCDYNWDFEHWGRGTPVIVSS sequence 7 VH-CDR1 DCTLN 8 VH-CDR2 WLKPRGGAVNYARPLQG 9 VH-CDR3 GKNCDYNWDFEH 10 PGT121 variable SDISVAPGETARISCGEKSLGSRAVQWYQHRAGQAPSLIIYNNQDRPS light (VL) chain GIPERFSGSPDSPFGTTATLTITSVEAGDEADYYCHIWDSRVPTKWVF amino acid GGGTTLTVL sequence 11 VL-CDR1 GEKSLGSRAVQ 12 VL-CDR2 NNQDRPS 13 VL-CDR3 HIWDSRVPTKWV 14 PGT121 variable QMQLQESGPGLVKPSETLSLTCSVSGASISDSYWSWIRRSPGKGLEWI heavy (VH) chain GYVHKSGDTNYSPSLKSRVNLSLDTSKNQVSLSLVAATAADSGKYYCA amino acid RTLHGRRIYGIVAFNEWFTYFYMDVWGNGTQVTVSS sequence 15 VH-CDR1 DSYWS 16 VH-CDR2 YVHKSGDTNYSPSLKS 17 VH-CDR3 TLHGRRIYGIVAFNEWFTYFYMDV 18 dVRC01 (VL(Δ1,2- SLTQSPGTLSLSPGETAIISCRTSQYGSLAWYQQRPGQAPRLVIYSGS V3S)-3x-VH)-(VL- TRAAGIPDRFSGSRWGPDYNLTISNLESGDFGVYYCQQYEFFGQGTKV (5X)-PGT121  QVDIKGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQVQLVQSGGQMKKPGESMRISCRASGYE 3x-VH) ScEv FIDCTLNWIRLAPGKRPEWMGWLKPRGGAVNYARPLQGRVTMTRDVYS amino acid DTAFLELRSLTVDDTAVYFCTRGKNCDYNWDFEHWGRGTPVIVSSGGG sequence GSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSSDISVAPGETARISCGEKSLGSRAVQ WYQHRAGQAPSLIIYNNQDRPSGIPERFSGSPDSPFGTTATLTITSVE AGDEADYYCHIWDSRVPTKWVFGGGTTLTVLGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQM QLQESGPGLVKPSETLSLTCSVSGASISDSYWSWIRRSPGKGLEWIGY VHKSGDTNYSPSLKSRVNLSLDTSKNQVSLSLVAATAADSGKYYCART LHGRRIYGIVAFNEWFTYFYMDVWGNGTQVTVSSGSGHHHHHH 19 dVRC01 variable SLTQSPGTLSLSPGETAIISCRTSQYGSLAWYQQRPGQAPRLVIYSGS light (VL) chain TRAAGIPDRFSGSRWGPDYNLTISNLESGDFGVYYCQQYEFFGQGTKV amino acid QVDIK sequence 20 PGT121 (VH-3x- QMQLQESGPGLVKPSETLSLTCSVSGASISDSYWSWIRRSPGKGLEWI VL)-(5X)-VRC01 GYVHKSGDTNYSPSLKSRVNLSLDTSKNQVSLSLVAATAADSGKYYCA (VH-3x-VL) ScFv RTLHGRRIYGIVAFNEWFTYFYMDVWGNGTQVTVSSGGGGSGGGGSGG amino acid GGSSDISVAPGETARISCGEKSLGSRAVQWYQHRAGQAPSLIIYNNQD sequence RPSGIPERFSGSPDSPFGTTATLTITSVEAGDEADYYCHIWDSRVPTK WVFGGGTTLTVLGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQVQLVQSGGQM KKPGESMRISCRASGYEFIDCTLNWIRLAPGKRPEWMGWLKPRGGAYN YARPLQGRVTMTRDVYSDTAFLELRSLTVDDTAVYFCTRGKNCDYNWD FEHWGRGTPVIVSSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSEIVLTQSPGTLSLSPGETA IISCRTSQYGSLAWYQQRPGQAPRLVIYSGSTRAAGIPDRFSGSRWGP DYNLTISNLESGDFGVYYCQQYEFFGQGTKVQVDIKGSGHHHHHH 21 PGT121 (VH-3x- QMQLQESGPGLVKPSETLSLTCSVSGASISDSYWSWIRRSPGKGLEWI VL)-(4X)-VRC01 GYVHKSGDTNYSPSLKSRVNLSLDTSKNQVSLSLVAATAADSGKYYCA (VH-3x-VL) ScFv RTLHGRRIYGIVAFNEWFTYFYMDVWGNGTQVTVSSGGGGSGGGGSGG amino acid GGSSDISVAPGETARISCGEKSLGSRAVQWYQHRAGQAPSLIIYNNQD sequence RPSGIPERFSGSPDSPFGTTATLTITSVEAGDEADYYCHIWDSRVPTK WVFGGGTTLTVLGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQVQLVQSGGQMKKPGE SMRISCRASGYEFIDCTLNWIRLAPGKRPEWMGWLKPRGGAVNYARPL QGRVTMTRDVYSDTAFLELRSLTVDDTAVYFCTRGKNCDYNWDFEHWG RGTPVIVSSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSEIVLTQSPGTLSLSPGETAIISCR TSQYGSLAWYQQRPGQAPRLVIYSGSTRAAGIPDRFSGSRWGPDYNLT ISNLESGDFGVYYCQQYEFFGQGTKVQVDIKGSGHHHHHH 22 PGT121 (VH-3x- QMQLQESGPGLVKPSETLSLTCSVSGASISDSYWSWIRRSPGKGLEWI VL)-(3X)-VRC01 GYVHKSGDTNYSPSLKSRVNLSLDTSKNQVSLSLVAATAADSGKYYCA (VH-3x-VL) ScFv RTLHGRRIYGIVAFNEWFTYFYMDVWGNGTQVTVSSGGGGSGGGGSGG amino acid GGSSDISVAPGETARISCGEKSLGSRAVQWYQHRAGQAPSLIIYNNQD sequence RPSGIPERFSGSPDSPFGTTATLTITSVEAGDEADYYCHIWDSRVPTK WVFGGGTTLTVLGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQVQLVQSGGQMKKPGESMRIS CRASGYEFIDCTLNWIRLAPGKRPEWMGWLKPRGGAVNYARPLQGRVT MTRDVYSDTAFLELRSLTVDDTAVYFCTRGKNCDYNWDFEHWGRGTPV IVSSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSEIVLTQSPGTLSLSPGETAIISCRTSQYG SLAWYQQRPGQAPRLVIYSGSTRAAGIPDRFSGSRWGPDYNLTISNLE SGDFGVYYCQQYEFFGQGTKVQVDIKGSGHHHHHH 23 VRC01 (VL-3x- EIVLTQSPGTLSLSPGETAIISCRTSQYGSLAWYQQRPGQAPRLVIYS VH)-(5X)-PGT121 GSTRAAGIPDRFSGSRWGPDYNLTISNLESGDFGVYYCQQYEFFGQGT (VL-3x-VH) IgG1 KVQVDIKGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQVQLVQSGGQMKKPGESMRISCRASG amino acid YEFIDCTLNWIRLAPGKRPEWMGWLKPRGGAVNYARPLQGRVTMTRDV sequence YSDTAFLELRSLTVDDTAVYFCTRGKNCDYNWDFEHWGRGTPVIVSSG GGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSSDISVAPGETARISCGEKSLGSRA VQWYQHRAGQAPSLIIYNNQDRPSGIPERFSGSPDSPFGTTATLTITS VEAGDEADYYCHIWDSRVPTKWVFGGGTTLTVLGGGGSGGGGSGGGGS QMQLQESGPGLVKPSETLSLTCSVSGASISDSYWSWIRRSPGKGLEWI GYVHKSGDTNYSPSLKSRVNLSLDTSKNQVSLSLVAATAADSGKYYCA RTLHGRRIYGIVAFNEWFTYFYMDVWGNGTQVTVSSGSGPKSCDKTHT CPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEV KFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKC KVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLV KGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRW QQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGK 24 dVRC01 (VL(Δ1,2- SLTQSPGTLSLSPGETAIISCRTSQYGSLAWYQQRPGQAPRLVIYSGS V3S)-3x-VH)- TRAAGIPDRFSGSRWGPDYNLTISNLESGDFGVYYCQQYEFFGQGTKV (5X)-PGT121 (VL- QVDIKGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQVQLVQSGGQMKKPGESMRISCRASGYE 3x-VH) IgG1 FIDCTLNWIRLAPGKRPEWMGWLKPRGGAVNYARPLQGRVTMTRDVYS amino acid DTAFLELRSLTVDDTAVYFCTRGKNCDYNWDFEHWGRGTPVIVSSGGG sequence GSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSSDISVAPGETARISCGEKSLGSRAVQ WYQHRAGQAPSLIIYNNQDRPSGIPERFSGSPDSPFGTTATLTITSVE AGDEADYYCHIWDSRVPTKWVFGGGTTLTVLGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQM QLQESGPGLVKPSETLSLTCSVSGASISDSYWSWIRRSPGKGLEWIGY VHKSGDTNYSPSLKSRVNLSLDTSKNQVSLSLVAATAADSGKYYCART LHGRRIYGIVAFNEWFTYFYMDVWGNGTQVTVSSGSGPKSCDKTHTCP PCPAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKF NWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKV SNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLVKG FYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQ GNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGK 25 PGT121 (VH-3x- QMQLQESGPGLVKPSETLSLTCSVSGASISDSYWSWIRRSPGKGLEWI VL)-(5X)-VRC01 GYVHKSGDTNYSPSLKSRVNLSLDTSKNQVSLSLVAATAADSGKYYCA (VH-3x-VL) IgG1 RTLHGRRIYGIVAFNEWFTYFYMDVWGNGTQVTVSSGGGGSGGGGSGG amino acid GGSSDISVAPGETARISCGEKSLGSRAVQWYQHRAGQAPSLIIYNNQD sequence RPSGIPERFSGSPDSPFGTTATLTITSVEAGDEADYYCHIWDSRVPTK WVFGGGTTLTVLGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQVQLVQSGGQM KKPGESMRISCRASGYEFIDCTLNWIRLAPGKRPEWMGWLKPRGGAYN YARPLQGRVTMTRDVYSDTAFLELRSLTVDDTAVYFCTRGKNCDYNWD FEHWGRGTPVIVSSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSEIVLTQSPGTLSLSPGETA IISCRTSQYGSLAWYQQRPGQAPRLVIYSGSTRAAGIPDRFSGSRWGP DYNLTISNLESGDFGVYYCQQYEFFGQGTKVQVDIKGSGPKSCDKTHT CPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEV KFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKC KVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLV KGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRW QQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGK 26 PGT121 (VH-3x- QMQLQESGPGLVKPSETLSLTCSVSGASISDSYWSWIRRSPGKGLEWI VL)-(4X)-VRC01 GYVHKSGDTNYSPSLKSRVNLSLDTSKNQVSLSLVAATAADSGKYYCA (VH-3x-VL) IgG1 RTLHGRRIYGIVAFNEWFTYFYMDVWGNGTQVTVSSGGGGSGGGGSGG amino acid GGSSDISVAPGETARISCGEKSLGSRAVQWYQHRAGQAPSLIIYNNQD sequence RPSGIPERFSGSPDSPFGTTATLTITSVEAGDEADYYCHIWDSRVPTK WVFGGGTTLTVLGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQVQLVQSGGQMKKPGE SMRISCRASGYEFIDCTLNWIRLAPGKRPEWMGWLKPRGGAVNYARPL QGRVTMTRDVYSDTAFLELRSLTVDDTAVYFCTRGKNCDYNWDFEHWG RGTPVIVSSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSEIVLTQSPGTLSLSPGETAIISCR TSQYGSLAWYQQRPGQAPRLVIYSGSTRAAGIPDRFSGSRWGPDYNLT ISNLESGDFGVYYCQQYEFFGQGTKVQVDIKGSGPKSCDKTHTCPPCP APELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWY VDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNK ALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYP SDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNV FSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGK 27 PGT121 (VH-3x- QMQLQESGPGLVKPSETLSLTCSVSGASISDSYWSWIRRSPGKGLEWI VL)-(3X)-VRC01 GYVHKSGDTNYSPSLKSRVNLSLDTSKNQVSLSLVAATAADSGKYYCA (VH-3x-VL) IgG1 RTLHGRRIYGIVAFNEWFTYFYMDVWGNGTQVTVSSGGGGSGGGGSGG amino acid GGSSDISVAPGETARISCGEKSLGSRAVQWYQHRAGQAPSLIIYNNQD sequence RPSGIPERFSGSPDSPFGTTATLTITSVEAGDEADYYCHIWDSRVPTK WVFGGGTTLTVLGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQVQLVQSGGQMKKPGESMRIS CRASGYEFIDCTLNWIRLAPGKRPEWMGWLKPRGGAVNYARPLQGRVT MTRDVYSDTAFLELRSLTVDDTAVYFCTRGKNCDYNWDFEHWGRGTPV IVSSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSEIVLTQSPGTLSLSPGETAIISCRTSQYG SLAWYQQRPGQAPRLVIYSGSTRAAGIPDRFSGSRWGPDYNLTISNLE SGDFGVYYCQQYEFFGQGTKVQVDIKGSGPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPELL GGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVE VHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAP IEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAV EWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSV MHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGK 28 IgG1 Fc (hinge- PKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVV CH2-CH3)amino DVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQD acid sequence WLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSREEMTK NQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYS KLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGK 29 signal sequence MGWSCIILFLVATATGVHS 30 35022(VH-3x-VL)- QGQLVQSGAELKKPGASVKISCKTSGYRFNFYHINWIRQTAGRGPEWM (5X)-10E8(VH-3x- GWISPYSGDKNLAPAFQDRVIMTTDTEVPVTSFTSTGAAYMEIRNLKF VL) ScEv amino DDTGTYFCAKGLLRDGSSTWLPYLWGQGTLLTVSSGGGGSGGGGSGGG acid sequence GSQSVLTQSASVSGSLGQSVTISCTGPNSVCCSHKSISWYQWPPGRAP TLIIYEDNERAPGISPRFSGYKSYWSAYLTISDLRPEDETTYYCCSYT HNSGCVFGTGTKVSVLGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSEVQLVES GGGLVKPGGSLRLSCSASGFDFDNAWMTWVRQPPGKGLEWVGRITGPG EGWSVDYAAPVEGRFTISRLNSINFLYLEMNNLRMEDSGLYFCARTGK YYDFWSGYPPGEEYFQDWGRGTLVTVSSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSSYELT QETGVSVALGRTVTITCRGDSLRSHYASWYQKKPGQAPILLFYGKNNR PSGVPDRFSGSASGNRASLTISGAQAEDDAEYYCSSRDKSGSRLSVFG GGTKLTVLGSGHHHHHH 31 35022 variable QSVLTQSASVSGSLGQSVTISCTGPNSVCCSHKSISWYQWPPGRAPTL light (VL) chain IIYEDNERAPGISPRFSGYKSYWSAYLTISDLRPEDETTYYCCSYTHN amino acid SGCVFGTGTKVSVL sequence 32 VL-CDR1 TGPNSVCCSHKSIS 33 VL-CDR2 EDNERAP 34 VL-CDR3 CSYTHNSGCV 35 35022 variable QGQLVQSGAELKKPGASVKISCKTSGYRFNFYHINWIRQTAGRGPEWM heavy (VH) chain GWISPYSGDKNLAPAFQDRVIMTTDTEVPVTSFTSTGAAYMEIRNLKF amino acid DDTGTYFCAKGLLRDGSSTWLPYLWGQGTLLTVSS sequence 36 VH-CDR1 FYHIN 37 VH-CDR2 WISPYSGDKNLAPAFQD 38 VH-CDR3 GLLRDGSSTWLPYL 39 10E8 variable SYELTQETGVSVALGRTVTITCRGDSLRSHYASWYQKKPGQAPILLFY light (VL) chain  GKNNRPSGVPDRFSGSASGNRASLTISGAQAEDDAEYYCSSRDKSGSR amino acid LSVFGGGTKLTVL sequence 40 VL-CDR1 RGDSLRSHYAS 41 VL-CDR2 GKNNRPS 42 VL-CDR3 SSRDKSGSRLSV 43 10E8 variable EVQLVESGGGLVKPGGSLRLSCSASGFDFDNAWMTWVRQPPGKGLEWV heavy (VH) chain  GRITGPGEGWSVDYAAPVEGRFTISRLNSINFLYLEMNNLRMEDSGLY amino acid FCARTGKYYDFWSGYPPGEEYFQDWGRGTLVTVSS sequence 44 VH-CDR1 NAWMT 45 VH-CDR2 RITGPGEGWSVDYAAPVEG 46 VH-CDR3 TGKYYDFWSGYPPGEEYFQD 47 35022(VH-3x-VL)- QGQLVQSGAELKKPGASVKISCKTSGYRFNFYHINWIRQTAGRGPEWM (7X)-10E8(VH-3x- GWISPYSGDKNLAPAFQDRVIMTTDTEVPVTSFTSTGAAYMEIRNLKF VL) ScEv amino DDTGTYFCAKGLLRDGSSTWLPYLWGQGTLLTVSSGGGGSGGGGSGGG acid sequence GSQSVLTQSASVSGSLGQSVTISCTGPNSVCCSHKSISWYQWPPGRAP TLIIYEDNERAPGISPRFSGYKSYWSAYLTISDLRPEDETTYYCCSYT HNSGCVFGTGTKVSVLGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGG GGSEVQLVESGGGLVKPGGSLRLSCSASGFDFDNAWMTWVRQPPGKGL EWVGRITGPGEGWSVDYAAPVEGRFTISRLNSINFLYLEMNNLRMEDS GLYFCARTGKYYDFWSGYPPGEEYFQDWGRGTLVTVSSGGGGSGGGGS GGGGSSYELTQETGVSVALGRTVTITCRGDSLRSHYASWYQKKPGQAP ILLFYGKNNRPSGVPDRFSGSASGNRASLTISGAQAEDDAEYYCSSRD KSGSRLSVFGGGTKLTVLGSGHHHHHH 48 10E8(VH-3x-VL)- EVQLVESGGGLVKPGGSLRLSCSASGFDFDNAWMTWVRQPPGKGLEWV (5X)-35022(VH- GRITGPGEGWSVDYAAPVEGRFTISRLNSINFLYLEMNNLRMEDSGLY 3x-VL) ScEv FCARTGKYYDFWSGYPPGEEYFQDWGRGTLVTVSSGGGGSGGGGSGGG amino acid GSSYELTQETGVSVALGRTVTITCRGDSLRSHYASWYQKKPGQAPILL sequence FYGKNNRPSGVPDRFSGSASGNRASLTISGAQAEDDAEYYCSSRDKSG SRLSVFGGGTKLTVLGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQGQLVQSG AELKKPGASVKISCKTSGYRFNFYHINWIRQTAGRGPEWMGWISPYSG DKNLAPAFQDRVIMTTDTEVPVTSFTSTGAAYMEIRNLKFDDTGTYFC AKGLLRDGSSTWLPYLWGQGTLLTVSSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQSVLTQ SASVSGSLGQSVTISCTGPNSVCCSHKSISWYQWPPGRAPTLIIYEDN ERAPGISPRFSGYKSYWSAYLTISDLRPEDETTYYCCSYTHNSGCVFG TGTKVSVLGSGHHHHHH 49 10E8(VH-3x-VL)- EVQLVESGGGLVKPGGSLRLSCSASGFDFDNAWMTWVRQPPGKGLEWV (7X)-35022(VH- GRITGPGEGWSVDYAAPVEGRFTISRLNSINFLYLEMNNLRMEDSGLY 3x-VL) ScEv FCARTGKYYDFWSGYPPGEEYFQDWGRGTLVTVSSGGGGSGGGGSGGG amino acid GSSYELTQETGVSVALGRTVTITCRGDSLRSHYASWYQKKPGQAPILL sequence FYGKNNRPSGVPDRFSGSASGNRASLTISGAQAEDDAEYYCSSRDKSG SRLSVFGGGTKLTVLGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGG GSQGQLVQSGAELKKPGASVKISCKTSGYRFNFYHINWIRQTAGRGPE WMGWISPYSGDKNLAPAFQDRVIMTTDTEVPVTSFTSTGAAYMEIRNL KFDDTGTYFCAKGLLRDGSSTWLPYLWGQGTLLTVSSGGGGSGGGGSG GGGSQSVLTQSASVSGSLGQSVTISCTGPNSVCCSHKSISWYQWPPGR APTLIIYEDNERAPGISPRFSGYKSYWSAYLTISDLRPEDETTYYCCS YTHNSGCVFGTGTKVSVLGSGHHHHHH 50 35022(VH-3x-VL)- QGQLVQSGAELKKPGASVKISCKTSGYRFNFYHINWIRQTAGRGPEWM (5X)-10E8(VH-3x- GWISPYSGDKNLAPAFQDRVIMTTDTEVPVTSFTSTGAAYMEIRNLKF VL) IgG1 amino DDTGTYFCAKGLLRDGSSTWLPYLWGQGTLLTVSSGGGGSGGGGSGGG acid sequence GSQSVLTQSASVSGSLGQSVTISCTGPNSVCCSHKSISWYQWPPGRAP TLIIYEDNERAPGISPRFSGYKSYWSAYLTISDLRPEDETTYYCCSYT HNSGCVFGTGTKVSVLGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSEVQLVES GGGLVKPGGSLRLSCSASGFDFDNAWMTWVRQPPGKGLEWVGRITGPG EGWSVDYAAPVEGRFTISRLNSINFLYLEMNNLRMEDSGLYFCARTGK YYDFWSGYPPGEEYFQDWGRGTLVTVSSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSSYELT QETGVSVALGRTVTITCRGDSLRSHYASWYQKKPGQAPILLFYGKNNR PSGVPDRFSGSASGNRASLTISGAQAEDDAEYYCSSRDKSGSRLSVFG GGTKLTVLGSGPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMI SRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYR VVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVY TLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPV LDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVESCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSP GK 51 35022(VH-3x-VL)- QGQLVQSGAELKKPGASVKISCKTSGYRFNFYHINWIRQTAGRGPEWM (7X)-10E8(VH-3x- GWISPYSGDKNLAPAFQDRVIMTTDTEVPVTSFTSTGAAYMEIRNLKF VL) IgG1 amino DDTGTYFCAKGLLRDGSSTWLPYLWGQGTLLTVSSGGGGSGGGGSGGG acid sequence GSQSVLTQSASVSGSLGQSVTISCTGPNSVCCSHKSISWYQWPPGRAP TLIIYEDNERAPGISPRFSGYKSYWSAYLTISDLRPEDETTYYCCSYT HNSGCVFGTGTKVSVLGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGG GGSEVQLVESGGGLVKPGGSLRLSCSASGFDFDNAWMTWVRQPPGKGL EWVGRITGPGEGWSVDYAAPVEGRFTISRLNSINFLYLEMNNLRMEDS GLYFCARTGKYYDFWSGYPPGEEYFQDWGRGTLVTVSSGGGGSGGGGS GGGGSSYELTQETGVSVALGRTVTITCRGDSLRSHYASWYQKKPGQAP ILLFYGKNNRPSGVPDRFSGSASGNRASLTISGAQAEDDAEYYCSSRD KSGSRLSVFGGGTKLTVLGSGPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLF PPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKP REEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKA KGQPREPQVYTLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQP ENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVESCSVMHEALHNH YTQKSLSLSPGK 52 10E8(VH-3x-VL)- EVQLVESGGGLVKPGGSLRLSCSASGFDFDNAWMTWVRQPPGKGLEWV (5X)-35022(VH- GRITGPGEGWSVDYAAPVEGRFTISRLNSINFLYLEMNNLRMEDSGLY 3x-VL) IgG1 FCARTGKYYDFWSGYPPGEEYFQDWGRGTLVTVSSGGGGSGGGGSGGG amino acid GSSYELTQETGVSVALGRTVTITCRGDSLRSHYASWYQKKPGQAPILL sequence FYGKNNRPSGVPDRFSGSASGNRASLTISGAQAEDDAEYYCSSRDKSG SRLSVFGGGTKLTVLGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQGQLVQSG AELKKPGASVKISCKTSGYRFNFYHINWIRQTAGRGPEWMGWISPYSG DKNLAPAFQDRVIMTTDTEVPVTSFTSTGAAYMEIRNLKFDDTGTYFC AKGLLRDGSSTWLPYLWGQGTLLTVSSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQSVLTQ SASVSGSLGQSVTISCTGPNSVCCSHKSISWYQWPPGRAPTLIIYEDN ERAPGISPRFSGYKSYWSAYLTISDLRPEDETTYYCCSYTHNSGCVFG TGTKVSVLGSGPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMI SRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYR VVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVY TLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPV LDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSP GK 53 10E8(VH-3x-VL)- EVQLVESGGGLVKPGGSLRLSCSASGFDFDNAWMTWVRQPPGKGLEWV (7X)-35022(VH- GRITGPGEGWSVDYAAPVEGRFTISRLNSINFLYLEMNNLRMEDSGLY 3x-VL) IgG1 FCARTGKYYDFWSGYPPGEEYFQDWGRGTLVTVSSGGGGSGGGGSGGG amino acid GSSYELTQETGVSVALGRTVTITCRGDSLRSHYASWYQKKPGQAPILL sequence FYGKNNRPSGVPDRFSGSASGNRASLTISGAQAEDDAEYYCSSRDKSG SRLSVFGGGTKLTVLGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGG GSQGQLVQSGAELKKPGASVKISCKTSGYRFNFYHINWIRQTAGRGPE WMGWISPYSGDKNLAPAFQDRVIMTTDTEVPVTSFTSTGAAYMEIRNL KFDDTGTYFCAKGLLRDGSSTWLPYLWGQGTLLTVSSGGGGSGGGGSG GGGSQSVLTQSASVSGSLGQSVTISCTGPNSVCCSHKSISWYQWPPGR APTLIIYEDNERAPGISPRFSGYKSYWSAYLTISDLRPEDETTYYCCS YTHNSGCVFGTGTKVSVLGSGPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLF PPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKP REEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKA KGQPREPQVYTLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQP ENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNH YTQKSLSLSPGK

In one embodiment, the disclosure provides an antibody, or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, that binds to comprises a heavy chain having a variable domain comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 6. In one embodiment, the disclosure provides an antibody, or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, that comprises a light chain having a variable domain comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 2. In one embodiment, the disclosure provides an antibody, or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, that comprises a light chain having a variable domain comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 2, and a heavy chain having a variable domain comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 6. In one embodiment, the antibody, or a fragment thereof, that binds to an epitope that is located in the CD4-binding site (CD4bs).

In one embodiment, the disclosure provides an antibody, or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, that binds to comprises a heavy chain having a variable domain comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 14. In one embodiment, the disclosure provides an antibody, or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, that comprises a light chain having a variable domain comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 10. In one embodiment, the disclosure provides an antibody, or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, that comprises a light chain having a variable domain comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 10, and a heavy chain having a variable domain comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 14. In one embodiment, the antibody, or a fragment thereof, that binds to an epitope that is located in the V3-glycan region.

In one embodiment, the disclosure provides an antibody, or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, that binds to comprises a heavy chain having a variable domain comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 6. In one embodiment, the disclosure provides an antibody, or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, that comprises a light chain having a variable domain comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 19. In one embodiment, the disclosure provides an antibody, or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, that comprises a light chain having a variable domain comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 19, and a heavy chain having a variable domain comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 6. In one embodiment, the antibody, or a fragment thereof, binds to an epitope that is located in the CD4-binding site (CD4bs).

In one embodiment, the disclosure provides an antibody, or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, that binds to comprises a heavy chain having a variable domain comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 35. In one embodiment, the disclosure provides an antibody, or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, that comprises a light chain having a variable domain comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 31. In one embodiment, the disclosure provides an antibody, or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, that comprises a light chain having a variable domain comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 31, and a heavy chain having a variable domain comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 35. In one embodiment, the antibody, or a fragment thereof, binds to an epitope that is located in the gp120-gp41 interface.

In one embodiment, the disclosure provides an antibody, or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, that binds to comprises a heavy chain having a variable domain comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 43. In one embodiment, the disclosure provides an antibody, or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, that comprises a light chain having a variable domain comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 39. In one embodiment, the disclosure provides an antibody, or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, that comprises a light chain having a variable domain comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 39, and a heavy chain having a variable domain comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 43. In one embodiment, the antibody, or a fragment thereof, binds to an epitope that is located in the gp41 membrane proximal external region (MPER).

In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a human antibody or antigen-binding fragment, has a heavy chain variable domain sequence which is at least 95% identical, at least 96% identical, at least 97% identical, at least 98% identical, or at least 99% identical, or identical, to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 6, SEQ ID NO. 14, SEQ ID NO. 35, and SEQ ID NO. 43, and has a light chain variable domain sequence that is at least 95% identical, at least 96% identical, at least 97% identical, at least 98% identical, or at least 99% identical, or identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 2, SEQ ID NO. 10, SEQ ID NO. 19, SEQ ID NO. 31, and SEQ ID NO. 39.

In one embodiment, the disclosure features an isolated antibody comprising a heavy chain/light chain variable domain amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 6/SEQ ID NO. 2, SEQ ID NO. 14/SEQ ID NO. 10, SEQ ID NO. 6/SEQ ID NO. 19, SEQ ID NO. 35/SEQ ID NO. 31, and SEQ ID NO. 43/SEQ ID NO. 39.

Complementarity determining regions (CDRs) are known as hypervariable regions both in the light chain and the heavy chain variable domains of an antibody. The more highly conserved portions of variable domains are called the framework (FR). Complementarity determining regions (CDRs) and framework regions (FR) of a given antibody may be identified using systems known in the art, such as those described by Kabat et al. supra; Lefranc et al., supra and/or Honegger and Pluckthun, supra. For example, the numbering system described in Kabat et al. (1991, NIH Publication 91-3242, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Va.) is well known to those in the art. Kabat et al. defined a numbering system for variable domain sequences that is applicable to any antibody. One of ordinary skill in the art can unambiguously assign this system of “Kabat numbering” to any variable domain amino acid sequence, without reliance on any experimental data beyond the sequence itself.

In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides an antibody comprising the CDRs of the heavy and light chain variable domains described in Table 1. For example, the disclosure provides an antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, comprising a heavy chain variable region having the CDRs described in an amino acid sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO. 6, SEQ ID NO. 14, SEQ ID NO. 35, and SEQ ID NO. 43. In one embodiment, the disclosure provides an antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, comprising a light chain variable region having the CDRs described in an amino acid sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO. 2, SEQ ID NO. 10, SEQ ID NO. 19, SEQ ID NO. 31, and SEQ ID NO. 39. In one embodiment, the disclosure provides an antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, comprising a light chain variable region having the CDRs described in an amino acid sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO. 2, SEQ ID NO. 10, SEQ ID NO. 19, SEQ ID NO. 31, and SEQ ID NO. 39; and a heavy chain variable region having the CDRs described in an amino acid sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO. 6, SEQ ID NO. 14, SEQ ID NO. 35, and SEQ ID NO. 43.

In one embodiment, the present disclosure features an antibody, or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, comprising a heavy chain variable domain comprising a heavy chain CDR set (CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3) selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 7, SEQ ID NO. 8 and SEQ ID NO. 9; SEQ ID NO. 15, SEQ ID NO. 16 and SEQ ID NO. 17; SEQ ID NO. 36, SEQ ID NO. 37 and SEQ ID NO. 38; and SEQ ID NO. 44, SEQ ID NO. 45 and SEQ ID NO. 46, and a light chain variable domain comprising a light chain CDR set (CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3) selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 3, SEQ ID NO. 4 and SEQ ID NO. 5; SEQ ID NO. 11, SEQ ID NO. 12 and SEQ ID NO. 13; SEQ ID NO. 32, SEQ ID NO. 33 and SEQ ID NO. 34; and SEQ ID NO. 40, SEQ ID NO. 41 and SEQ ID NO. 42.

In one embodiment, the antibody of the disclosure comprises a heavy chain CDR set/light chain CDR set selected from the group consisting of the heavy chain variable domain CDR set of SEQ ID NO. 7, SEQ ID NO. 8 and SEQ ID NO. 9/the light chain variable domain CDR set of SEQ ID NO. 3, SEQ ID NO. 4 and SEQ ID NO. 5; the heavy chain variable domain CDR set of SEQ ID NO. 15, SEQ ID NO. 16 and SEQ ID NO. 17/the light chain variable domain CDR set of SEQ ID NO. 11, SEQ ID NO. 12 and SEQ ID NO. 13; the heavy chain variable domain CDR set of SEQ ID NO. 36, SEQ ID NO. 37 and SEQ ID NO. 38/the light chain variable domain CDR set of SEQ ID NO. 32, SEQ ID NO. 33 and SEQ ID NO. 34; and the heavy chain variable domain CDR set of SEQ ID NO. 44, SEQ ID NO. 45 and SEQ ID NO. 46/the light chain variable domain CDR set of SEQ ID NO. 40, SEQ ID NO. 41 and SEQ ID NO. 42.

One or more CDRs may be incorporated into a molecule either covalently or noncovalently to make it an antigen binding protein.

An antigen binding protein may incorporate the CDR(s) as part of a larger polypeptide chain, may covalently link the CDR(s) to another polypeptide chain, or may incorporate the CDR(s) noncovalently. The CDRs permit the antigen binding protein to specifically bind to a particular antigen of interest.

In one embodiment, the present disclosure is directed to an antibody, or an antigen binding fragment thereof, having the antigen binding regions of any of the antibodies described in Table 1.

In one embodiment, the present disclosure is directed to an antibody, or an antigen binding fragment thereof, having antigen binding regions of antibody VRC01. In one embodiment, the disclosure provides an antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, comprising a heavy chain variable domain sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 6, and a light chain variable domain sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 2. In one embodiment, the disclosure is directed to an antibody having a heavy chain variable domain comprising the CDRs of SEQ ID NO. 6, and a light chain variable domain comprising the CDRs of SEQ ID NO. 2. In one embodiment, the disclosure features an isolated human antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, that comprises a heavy chain variable region having an amino acid sequence that is at least 95% identical, at least 96% identical, at least 97% identical, at least 98% identical, or at least 99% identical to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO. 6, and comprises a light chain variable region having an amino acid sequence that is at least 95% identical, at least 96% identical, at least 97% identical, at least 98% identical, or at least 99% identical to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO. 2. In one embodiment, the disclosure features an antibody, or an antigen-binding portion thereof, having antigen binding regions of antibody VRC01, comprising a heavy chain variable region comprising a CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 9, a CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 8, and a CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 7; and comprising a light chain variable region comprising a CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 5, a CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 4, and a CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 3.

In one embodiment, the present disclosure is directed to an antibody, or an antigen binding fragment thereof, having antigen binding regions of antibody PGT121. In one embodiment, the disclosure provides an antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, comprising a heavy chain variable domain sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 14, and a light chain variable domain sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 10. In one embodiment, the disclosure is directed to an antibody having a heavy chain variable domain comprising the CDRs of SEQ ID NO. 14, and a light chain variable domain comprising the CDRs of SEQ ID NO. 10. In one embodiment, the disclosure features an isolated human antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, that comprises a heavy chain variable region having an amino acid sequence that is at least 95% identical, at least 96% identical, at least 97% identical, at least 98% identical, or at least 99% identical to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO. 14, and comprises a light chain variable region having an amino acid sequence that is at least 95% identical, at least 96% identical, at least 97% identical, at least 98% identical, or at least 99% identical to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO. 10. In one embodiment, the disclosure features an antibody, or an antigen-binding portion thereof, having antigen binding regions of antibody PGT121, comprising a heavy chain variable region comprising a CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 17, a CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 16, and a CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 15; and comprising a light chain variable region comprising a CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 13, a CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 12, and a CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 11.

In one embodiment, the present disclosure is directed to an antibody, or an antigen binding fragment thereof, having antigen binding regions of antibody 35022. In one embodiment, the disclosure provides an antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, comprising a heavy chain variable domain sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 35, and a light chain variable domain sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 31. In one embodiment, the disclosure is directed to an antibody having a heavy chain variable domain comprising the CDRs of SEQ ID NO. 35, and a light chain variable domain comprising the CDRs of SEQ ID NO. 31. In one embodiment, the disclosure features an isolated human antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, that comprises a heavy chain variable region having an amino acid sequence that is at least 95% identical, at least 96% identical, at least 97% identical, at least 98% identical, or at least 99% identical to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO. 35, and comprises a light chain variable region having an amino acid sequence that is at least 95% identical, at least 96% identical, at least 97% identical, at least 98% identical, or at least 99% identical to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO. 31. In one embodiment, the disclosure features an antibody, or an antigen-binding portion thereof, having antigen binding regions of antibody 35022, comprising a heavy chain variable region comprising a CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 38, a CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 37, and a CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 36; and comprising a light chain variable region comprising a CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 34, a CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 33, and a CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 32.

In one embodiment, the present disclosure is directed to an antibody, or an antigen binding fragment thereof, having antigen binding regions of antibody 10E8. In one embodiment, the disclosure provides an antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, comprising a heavy chain variable domain sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 43, and a light chain variable domain sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 39. In one embodiment, the disclosure is directed to an antibody having a heavy chain variable domain comprising the CDRs of SEQ ID NO. 43, and a light chain variable domain comprising the CDRs of SEQ ID NO. 39. In one embodiment, the disclosure features an isolated human antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, that comprises a heavy chain variable region having an amino acid sequence that is at least 95% identical, at least 96% identical, at least 97% identical, at least 98% identical, or at least 99% identical to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO. 43, and comprises a light chain variable region having an amino acid sequence that is at least 95% identical, at least 96% identical, at least 97% identical, at least 98% identical, or at least 99% identical to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO. 39. In one embodiment, the disclosure features an antibody, or an antigen-binding portion thereof, having antigen binding regions of antibody 10E8, comprising a heavy chain variable region comprising a CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 46, a CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 45, and a CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 44; and comprising a light chain variable region comprising a CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 42, a CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 41, and a CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 40.

In one embodiment, the present disclosure is directed to an antibody, or an antigen binding fragment thereof, having antigen binding regions of antibody VRC01 VL(Δ1,2-V3S). In one embodiment, the disclosure provides an antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, comprising a heavy chain variable domain sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 43, and a light chain variable domain sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 39. In one embodiment, the disclosure is directed to an antibody having a heavy chain variable domain comprising the CDRs of SEQ ID NO. 43, and a light chain variable domain comprising the CDRs of SEQ ID NO. 39. In one embodiment, the disclosure features an isolated human antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, that comprises a heavy chain variable region having an amino acid sequence that is at least 95% identical, at least 96% identical, at least 97% identical, at least 98% identical, or at least 99% identical to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO. 43, and comprises a light chain variable region having an amino acid sequence that is at least 95% identical, at least 96% identical, at least 97% identical, at least 98% identical, or at least 99% identical to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO. 39. In one embodiment, the disclosure features an antibody, or an antigen-binding portion thereof, having antigen binding regions of antibody VRC01 VL(Δ1,2-V3S), comprising a heavy chain variable region comprising a CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 46, a CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 45, and a CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 44; and comprising a light chain variable region comprising a CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 42, a CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 41, and a CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 40.

The antibody of the disclosure may be of an IgG class. The antibody of the disclosure may further be an IgG1 isotype.

Single chain antibodies may be formed by linking heavy and light chain variable domain (Fv region) fragments via an amino acid bridge (short peptide linker), resulting in a single polypeptide chain. Such single-chain Fvs (scFvs) have been prepared by fusing DNA encoding a peptide linker between DNAs encoding the two variable domain polypeptides (VL and VH). The resulting polypeptides can fold back on themselves to form antigen-binding monomers, or they can form multimers (e.g., dimers, trimers, or tetramers), depending on the length of a flexible linker between the two variable domains (Kortt et al., 1997, Prot. Eng. 10:423; Kortt et al., 2001, Biomol. Eng. 18:95-108). By combining different VL and VH-comprising polypeptides, one can form multimeric scFvs that bind to different epitopes (Kriangkum et al., 2001, Biomol. Eng. 18:31-40). Techniques developed for the production of single chain antibodies include those described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,778; Bird, 1988, Science 242:423; Huston et al., 1988, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:5879; Ward et al., 1989, Nature 334:544, de Graaf et al., 2002, Methods Mol. Biol. 178:379-87.

In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a single chain human antibody, having a variable domain region from a heavy chain and a variable domain region from a light chain and a peptide linker connection the heavy chain and light chain variable domain regions, wherein the heavy chain variable domain sequence that is at least 95% identical, at least 96% identical, at least 97% identical, at least 98% identical, at least 99% identical, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 6, SEQ ID NO. 14, SEQ ID NO. 35, and SEQ ID NO. 43; and that has a light chain variable domain sequence that is at least 95% identical, at least 96% identical, at least 97% identical, at least 98% identical, at least 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO. 2, SEQ ID NO. 10, SEQ ID NO. 19, SEQ ID NO. 31, and SEQ ID NO. 39. Preferably, the single chain antibody has both a heavy chain variable domain region and a light chain variable domain region, wherein the single chain human antibody has a heavy chain/light chain variable domain sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 6/SEQ ID NO. 2, SEQ ID NO. 14/SEQ ID NO. 10, SEQ ID NO. 6/SEQ ID NO. 19, SEQ ID NO. 35/SEQ ID NO. 31, and SEQ ID NO. 43/SEQ ID NO. 39.

Techniques are known for deriving an antibody of a different subclass or isotype from an antibody of interest, i.e., subclass switching. Thus, IgG antibodies may be derived from an IgM antibody, for example, and vice versa. Such techniques allow the preparation of new antibodies that possess the antigen-binding properties of a given antibody (the parent antibody), but also exhibit biological properties associated with an antibody isotype or subclass different from that of the parent antibody. Recombinant DNA techniques may be employed. Cloned DNA encoding particular antibody polypeptides may be employed in such procedures, e.g., DNA encoding the constant domain of an antibody of the desired isotype (Lantto et al., 2002, Methods Mol. Biol. 178:303-16).

The present disclosure provides a number of antibodies structurally characterized by the amino acid sequences of their variable domain regions. However, the amino acid sequences can undergo some changes while retaining their high degree of binding to their specific targets. More specifically, many amino acids in the variable domain region can be changed with conservative substitutions and it is predictable that the binding characteristics of the resulting antibody will not differ from the binding characteristics of the wild type antibody sequence. There are many amino acids in an antibody variable domain that do not directly interact with the antigen or impact antigen binding and are not critical for determining antibody structure. For example, a predicted nonessential amino acid residue in any of the disclosed antibodies is preferably replaced with another amino acid residue from the same class. Methods of identifying amino acid conservative substitutions which do not eliminate antigen binding are well-known in the art (see, e.g., Brummell et al., Biochem. 32: 1180-1187 (1993); Kobayashi et al. Protein Eng. 12(10):879-884 (1999); and Burks et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:412-417 (1997), all of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties herein). Near et al. Mol. Immunol. 30:369-377, 1993 explains how to impact or not impact binding through site-directed mutagenesis. Near et al. only mutated residues that they thought had a high probability of changing antigen binding. Most had a modest or negative effect on binding affinity (Near et al. Table 3) and binding to different forms of digoxin (Near et al. Table 2).

A conservative modification or functional equivalent of a peptide, polypeptide, or protein disclosed in this disclosure (e.g., the hinge region or a heavy chain having the hinge region) refers to a polypeptide derivative of the peptide, polypeptide, or protein, e.g., a protein having one or more point mutations, insertions, deletions, truncations, a fusion protein, or a combination thereof. It retains substantially the activity to of the parent peptide, polypeptide, or protein (such as those disclosed in this disclosure). In general, a conservative modification or functional equivalent is at least 60% (e.g., any number between 60% and 100%, inclusive, e.g., 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, and 99%) identical to a parent (e.g., one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-53).

In one embodiment, the substitutions made within a heavy or light chain that is at least 95% identical (or at least 96% identical, or at least 97% identical, or at least 98% identical, or at least 99% identical) are conservative amino acid substitutions. A “conservative amino acid substitution” is one in which an amino acid residue is substituted by another amino acid residue having a side chain (R group) with similar chemical properties (e.g., charge or hydrophobicity). In general, a conservative amino acid substitution will not substantially change the functional properties of a protein. In cases where two or more amino acid sequences differ from each other by conservative substitutions, the percent sequence identity or degree of similarity may be adjusted upwards to correct for the conservative nature of the substitution. Means for making this adjustment are well-known to those of skill in the art. See, e.g., Pearson (1994) Methods Mol. Biol. 24: 307-331, herein incorporated by reference. Examples of groups of amino acids that have side chains with similar chemical properties include (1) aliphatic side chains: glycine, alanine, valine, leucine and isoleucine; (2) aliphatic-hydroxyl side chains: serine and threonine; (3) amide-containing side chains: asparagine and glutamine; (4) aromatic side chains: phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan; (5) basic side chains: lysine, arginine, and histidine; (6) acidic side chains: aspartate and glutamate, and (7) sulfur-containing side chains are cysteine and methionine.

As used herein, the percent homology between two amino acid sequences is equivalent to the percent identity between the two sequences. The percent identity between the two sequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared by the sequences (i.e., % homology=# of identical positions/total # of positions×100), taking into account the number of gaps, and the length of each gap, which need to be introduced for optimal alignment of the two sequences. The comparison of sequences and determination of percent identity between two sequences can be accomplished using a mathematical algorithm, as described in the non-limiting examples below.

The percent identity between two amino acid sequences can be determined using the algorithm of E. Meyers and W. Miller (Comput. Appl. Biosci., 4: 11-17 (1988)) which has been incorporated into the ALIGN program (version 2.0), using a PAM120 weight residue table, a gap length penalty of 12 and a gap penalty of 4. In addition, the percent identity between two amino acid sequences can be determined using the Needleman and Wunsch (J. Mol. Biol. 48:444-453 (1970)) algorithm which has been incorporated into the GAP program in the GCG software package (available at www.gcg.com), using either a Blossum 62 matrix or a PAM250 matrix, and a gap weight of 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, or 4 and a length weight of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

Additionally or alternatively, the protein sequences of the present disclosure can further be used as a “query sequence” to perform a search against public databases to, for example, identify related sequences. Such searches can be performed using the XBLAST program (version 2.0) of Altschul, et al. (1990) J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-10. BLAST protein searches can be performed with the XBLAST program, score=50, wordlength=3 to obtain amino acid sequences homologous to the molecules of the disclosure. To obtain gapped alignments for comparison purposes, Gapped BLAST can be utilized as described in Altschul et al, (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25(17):3389-3402. When utilizing BLAST and Gapped BLAST programs, the default parameters of the respective programs {e.g., XBLAST and NBLAST) can be used. (See www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov).

Other modifications of the antibody are contemplated herein. For example, the antibody can be linked to one of a variety of nonproteinaceous polymers, for example, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polyoxyalkylenes, or copolymers of polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol. The antibody also can be entrapped in microcapsules prepared, for example, by coacervation techniques or by interfacial polymerization (for example, hydroxymethylcellulose or gelatin-microcapsules and poly-(methylmethacylate) microcapsules, respectively), in colloidal drug delivery systems (for example, liposomes, albumin microspheres, microemulsions, nano-particles and nanocapsules), or in macroemulsions. Such techniques are disclosed in, for example, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 16th edition, Oslo, A., Ed., (1980).

Variant antibodies and salts thereof also are included within the scope of the disclosure. Variants of the sequences recited in the application also are included within the scope of the disclosure. Further variants of the antibody sequences having improved affinity can be obtained using methods known in the art and are included within the scope of the disclosure. For example, amino acid substitutions can be used to obtain antibodies with further improved affinity. Alternatively, codon optimization of the nucleotide sequence can be used to improve the efficiency of translation in expression systems for the production of the antibody. Variants may include non-natural amino acids up to a certain percentage. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a variant amino acid sequence comprising about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or more percent of non-natural amino acids.

Antibody Modifications

Humanization and Primatization

In cases where the multispecific antibody or the antibodies forming the multispecific antibody are non-human antibodies, the antibody can be “humanized” to reduce immunogenicity to a human recipient. Methods for humanizing non-human antibodies have been described in the art. See, e.g., Jones et al., Nature 321:522-525 (1986); Riechmann et al, Nature 332:323-327 (1988); Verhoeyen et al., Science 239: 1534-1536 (1988), and U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567. Generally, residues from the variable domain of a non-human antibody are “imported” into a human immunoglobulin molecule, resulting in antibodies in which some hypervariable region residues and possibly some FR residues of a human antibody are substituted by residues from analogous sites of non-human antibodies. It is important to humanize a non-human antibody while retaining high affinity for the antigen. To this end, three dimensional immunoglobulin models are commonly available and suitable for use in analyzing proposed humanized sequences in comparison to the parental non-human antibodies. Such analysis permits identification of residues likely involved in recognition and binding of the antigen, and therefore rational design of humanized sequences that retain the specificity and affinity for the antigen.

In specific embodiments, multispecific antibodies are formed from anti-HIV human or humanized antibodies.

Similarly, a tri-specific fusion antibody or the three antibodies forming the fusion can be “primatized” to reduce immunogenicity to another primate, non-human recipient, e.g., a rhesus recipient. Residues from the variable domain of a donor antibody (such as a non-primate antibody or an antibody of a primate species different from the recipient primate) are “imported” into a nonhuman primate recipient immunoglobulin molecule, resulting in antibodies in which some hypervariable region residues and possibly some FR residues of a nonhuman primate antibody are substituted by residues from analogous sites of donor antibodies. Alternatively, primatized antibodies can be made for use in a desirable primate species by using a recipient immunoglobulin having non-primate sequences or sequences from a different primate species by introducing the Fc fragment, and/or residues, including particularly framework region residues, from the desirable primate, into the recipient immunoglobulin.

Affinity Maturation

One or more hypervariable region residues of an antibody can be substituted to select for variants that have improved biological properties relative to the parent antibody by employing, e.g., affinity maturation using phage or yeast display. For example, the Fab region of an anti-HIV antibody can be mutated at several sites selected based on available structural information to generate all possible amino substitutions at each site. The antibody variants thus generated are displayed in a monovalent fashion from phage particles or on the surface of yeast cells. The displayed variants are then screened for their biological activity (e.g. binding affinity).

Modifications to the Fc Region

The antibody can be modified to improve certain biological properties of the antibody, e.g., to improve stability, to enhance or reduce effector functions such as antigen-dependent cell-mediated cyotoxicity (ADCC) and/or complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) of the antibody, improved or decreased internalization and/or recycling, among others.

For example, the Fc fragment of some antibodies (derived from human Ig4) can be replaced with human IgG1 that increases effector function mediated through FcRs (except FcRn). Such modification may improve the stability of the resulting antibody by about 5 fold. In another example, the IgGl Fc fragment can be modified to improve the recycling of the antibody via the antibody salvage pathway.

Still another type of modification involves alteration of the glycosylation pattern of a parent antibody, including deletions of one or more carbohydrate moieties found in the parent antibody, or addition of one or more carbohydrates (via addition of one or more glycosylation sites) that are not present in the parent antibody.

Multispecific bNAbs Comprising Tetra-Glycine-Serine (G4S) Peptide Linkers

As discussed herein, a variety of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) have been isolated from HIV-1-infected individuals, but their potential to treat or prevent infection in humans may be limited by the potency or breadth of viruses neutralized. The present disclosure describes combinations of bnAbs that optimize potency and breadth of protection, thus reducing the likelihood of resistance and viral escape. Because multiple antibodies may help to reduce the viral replication that sustains chronic HIV-1 infection, the present disclosure reports the generation of multispecific antibodies designed to increase the potential efficacy of HIV-1 antibodies for prevention or therapy.

In one embodiment, the multispecific antibody is capable of binding two different antigen targets. In one embodiment, the multispecific antibody is capable of binding three different antigen targets. In one embodiment, the multispecific antibody is capable of binding four different antigen targets. In one embodiment, the multispecific antibody is capable of binding five different antigen targets.

In one embodiment, the disclosure features a multispecific antibody that binds two or more non-overlapping epitopes, wherein the non-overlapping epitopes are located in the CD4-binding site, the V1/V2-glycan region, the V3-glycan region, the gp41 membrane proximal external region (MPER), or the gp120/gp41 interface of the HIV envelope protein, wherein the multispecific antibody has an IC₅₀ less than 0.1 μg/ml, an IC₅₀ less than 0.09 μg/ml, an IC₅₀ less than 0.08 μg/ml, an IC₅₀ less than 0.07 μg/ml, an IC₅₀ less than 0.06 μg/ml, an IC₅₀ less than 0.05 μg/ml, an IC₅₀ less than 0.04 μg/ml, an IC₅₀ less than 0.03 μg/ml, an IC₅₀ less than 0.02 μg/ml, and IC₅₀ less than 0.01 μg/ml.

In one embodiment, the disclosure features a multispecific antibody that binds two or more non-overlapping epitopes, wherein the non-overlapping epitopes are located in the CD4-binding site, the V1/V2-glycan region, the V3-glycan region, the gp41 membrane proximal external region (MPER), or the gp120/gp41 interface of the HIV envelope protein, wherein the multispecific antibody has an IC₈₀ less than 0.3 μg/ml, an IC₈₀ less than 0.2 μg/ml, an IC₈₀ less than 0.1 μg/ml.

In one embodiment, the disclosure features a multispecific antibody that binds two or more non-overlapping epitopes, wherein a first antibody binds an epitope in the CD4-binding site of the HIV envelope protein, and the second antibody binds an epitope in the V3-glycan region of the HIV envelope protein, wherein the multispecific antibody has an IC₅₀ less than 0.1 μg/ml, an IC₅₀ less than 0.09 μg/ml, an IC₅₀ less than 0.08 μg/ml, an IC₅₀ less than 0.07 μg/ml, an IC₅₀ less than 0.06 μg/ml, an IC₅₀ less than 0.05 μg/ml, an IC₅₀ less than 0.04 μg/ml, an IC₅₀ less than 0.03 μg/ml, an IC₅₀ less than 0.02 μg/ml, and IC₅₀ less than 0.01 μg/ml.

In one embodiment, the disclosure features a multispecific antibody that binds two or more non-overlapping epitopes, wherein a first antibody binds an epitope in the gp120/gp41 interface of the HIV envelope protein, and the second antibody binds an epitope in the MPER of the envelope protein, wherein the multispecific antibody has an IC₅₀ less than 0.1 μg/ml, an IC₅₀ less than 0.09 μg/ml, an IC₅₀ less than 0.08 μg/ml, an IC₅₀ less than 0.07 μg/ml, an IC₅₀ less than 0.06 μg/ml, an IC₅₀ less than 0.05 μg/ml, an IC₅₀ less than 0.04 μg/ml, an IC₅₀ less than 0.03 μg/ml, an IC₅₀ less than 0.02 μg/ml, and IC₅₀ less than 0.01 μg/ml.

In one aspect, the disclosure features a multispecific antibody, or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, comprising a) a first light chain comprising a first light chain variable region (VL) and a first heavy chain comprising a first heavy chain variable region (VH), wherein the first light chain and the first heavy chain are derived from a first antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof; and b) a second light chain comprising a second light chain variable region (VL) and a second heavy chain comprising a second heavy chain variable region (VH), wherein the second light chain and the second heavy chain are derived from a second antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, wherein the first antibody and the second antibody bind non-overlapping epitopes of the envelope protein of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), and wherein the VH from the first light chain and the VL from the second light chain are connected by two or more tetra-glycine serine (G4S) protein linkers or wherein the VL from the first light chain and the VH from the second light chain are connected by two or more tetra-glycine serine (G4S) proteinone or more linkers.

In one embodiment, the multispecific antibody has an IC₅₀ less than 0.1 μg/ml. In one embodiment, the multispecific antibody has an IC₅₀ less than 0.09 μg/ml. In one embodiment, the multispecific antibody has an IC₅₀ less than 0.08 μg/ml. In one embodiment, the multispecific antibody has an IC₅₀ less than 0.07 μg/ml. In one embodiment, the multispecific antibody has an IC₅₀ less than 0.06 μg/ml. In one embodiment, the multispecific antibody has an IC₅₀ less than 0.05 μg/ml. In one embodiment, the multispecific antibody has an IC₅₀ less than 0.04 μg/ml. In one embodiment, the multispecific antibody has an IC₅₀ less than 0.03 μg/ml. In one embodiment, the multispecific antibody has an IC₅₀ less than 0.02 μg/ml. In one embodiment, the multispecific antibody has an IC₅₀ less than 0.01 μg/ml. In one embodiment, the multispecific antibody has an IC₅₀ between 0.01 and 0.1 μg/ml.

In one embodiment, the multispecific antibody has an IC₈₀ less than 0.3 μg/ml. In one embodiment, the multispecific antibody has an IC₈₀ less than 0.2 μg/ml. In one embodiment, the multispecific antibody has an IC₈₀ less than 0.1 μg/ml. In one embodiment, the multispecific antibody has an IC₈₀ between 0.1 and 0.3 μg/ml.

In one embodiment, the linker is a tetra-glycerine-serine (G4S) linker. In some embodiments, linker comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or more G4S linkers.

In one embodiment, the VH from the first light chain and the VL from the second light chain are connected by two tetra-glycine serine (G4S) protein linkers. In another embodiment, the VL from the first light chain and the VH from the second light chain are connected by two tetra-glycine serine (G4S) protein linkers.

In one embodiment, the VH from the first light chain and the VL from the second light chain are connected by three tetra-glycine serine (G4S) protein linkers. In another embodiment, the VL from the first light chain and the VH from the second light chain are connected by three tetra-glycine serine (G4S) protein linkers.

In one embodiment, the VH from the first light chain and the VL from the second light chain are connected by four tetra-glycine serine (G4S) protein linkers. In another embodiment, the VL from the first light chain and the VH from the second light chain are connected by four tetra-glycine serine (G4S) protein linkers.

In one embodiment, the VH from the first light chain and the VL from the second light chain are connected by five tetra-glycine serine (G4S) protein linkers. In another embodiment, the VL from the first light chain and the VH from the second light chain are connected by five tetra-glycine serine (G4S) protein linkers.

In one embodiment, the VH from the first light chain and the VL from the second light chain are connected by six tetra-glycine serine (G4S) protein linkers. In another embodiment, the VL from the first light chain and the VH from the second light chain are connected by six tetra-glycine serine (G4S) protein linkers.

In one embodiment, the VH from the first light chain and the VL from the second light chain are connected by seven tetra-glycine serine (G4S) protein linkers. In another embodiment, the VL from the first light chain and the VH from the second light chain are connected by seven tetra-glycine serine (G4S) protein linkers.

In one embodiment, the linker is not a single glycine (Gly) residue; a diglycine peptide (Gly-Gly); a tripeptide (Gly-Gly-Gly); a peptide with four glycine residues (Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly); a peptide with five glycine residues (Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly); a peptide with six glycine residues (Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly); a peptide with seven glycine residues (Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly); a peptide with eight glycine residues (Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly), the peptide Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser, the peptide Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser, the peptide Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser (SEQ ID NO: 292), a single Ser, a single Va, the dipeptide Arg-Thr, Gln-Pro, Ser-Ser, Thr-Lys, and Ser-Leu; Thr-Lys-Gly-Pro-Ser, Thr-Val-Ala-Ala-Pro, Gln-Pro-Lys-Ala-Ala, Gln-Arg-Ile-Glu-Gly, Ala-Ser-Thr-Lys-Gly-Pro-Ser, Arg-Thr-Val-Ala-Ala-Pro-Ser, Gly-Gln-Pro-Lys-Ala-Ala-Pro, and His-Ile-Asp-Ser-Pro-Asn-Lys.

In one embodiment, the non-overlapping epitopes are located in the CD4-binding site, the V1/V2-glycan region, the V3-glycan region, the gp41 membrane proximal external region (MPER), or the gp120/gp41 interface of the envelope protein.

In one embodiment, the multispecific antibody, further comprises a third antibody which specifically binds to a third epitope.

The third antibody may be added using knob-in-hole dimerization, as described for example in Merchant et al. (Nat. Biotechnol. 16, 677-681 (1998)).

In one embodiment, the third epitope is located in the CD4-binding site (CD4bs), the V1/V2-glycan region, the V3-glycan region, the gp41 membrane proximal external region (MPER), or the gp120-gp41 interface of the envelope protein of HIV. In one embodiment, the

third epitope is different from the first epitope and the second epitope.

In one embodiment, the first antibody binds to an epitope in the CD4-binding site of the of the envelope protein of HIV-1 and the second antibody binds to an epitope in the V3-glycan region of the of the envelope protein of HIV-1.

In one embodiment, the first antibody binds to an epitope in the V3-glycan region of the of the envelope protein of HIV-1 and the second antibody binds to an epitope in the CD4-binding site of the of the envelope protein of HIV-1.

In one embodiment, the antibody that binds to an epitope in the CD4-binding site of the of the envelope protein of HIV-1 is selected from the group consisting of VRC03, VRC06, VRC07, 3BNC117, IOMA, and N6.

In one embodiment, the antibody that binds to an epitope in the V3-glycan region of the of the envelope protein of HIV-1 is selected from the group consisting of PGT121, PGT122, PGT128, PGT135, 10-1074, and BG18.

In one embodiment, the first antibody binds to an epitope in the gp120/gp41 interface of the of the envelope protein of HIV-1 and the second antibody binds to an epitope in the MPER of the of the envelope protein of HIV-1.

In one embodiment, the first antibody binds to an epitope in the MPER of the of the envelope protein of HIV-1 and the second antibody binds to an epitope in the gp120/gp41 interface of the of the envelope protein of HIV-1.

In one embodiment, the antibody that binds to an epitope in the gp120/gp41 interface of the of the envelope protein of HIV-1 is selected from the group consisting of 35022, N123-VRC34.01, 3BC315, and PGT151.

In one embodiment, the antibody that binds to an epitope in the MPER of the of the envelope protein of HIV-1 is selected from the group consisting of 10E8, 10E8v4, 10E8v4 S100cF, Dh511.2_k3, Z13, 4E10, and 2F5.

In one aspect, the disclosure features a multispecific antibody, or antigen binding fragment thereof, wherein the variable domain of the first light chain comprises a light chain variable domain comprising a CDR set (CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3) as set forth in SEQ ID NOs 3, 4, 5 and the variable domain of the first heavy chain comprises a heavy chain variable domain comprising a CDR set (CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3) as set forth in SEQ ID NOs 7, 8, 9; and the variable domain of the second light chain comprises a light chain variable domain comprising a CDR set (CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3) as set forth in SEQ ID NOs 11, 12, 13 and the variable domain of the second heavy chain comprises a heavy chain variable domain comprising a CDR set (CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3) as set forth in SEQ ID NOs 15, 16, 17.

In one aspect, the disclosure features a multispecific antibody, or antigen binding fragment thereof, wherein the variable domain of the first light chain comprises a light chain variable domain comprising a CDR set (CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3) as set forth in SEQ ID NOs 32, 33, 34 and the variable domain of the first heavy chain comprises a heavy chain variable domain comprising a CDR set (CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3) as set forth in SEQ ID NOs 36, 37, 38; and the variable domain of the second light chain comprises a light chain variable domain comprising a CDR set (CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3) as set forth in SEQ ID NOs 40, 41, 42 and the variable domain of the second heavy chain comprises a heavy chain variable domain comprising a CDR set (CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3) as set forth in SEQ ID NOs 44, 45, 46.

In one embodiment, the variable domain of the first light chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 2, SEQ ID NO. 10, SEQ ID NO. 19, SEQ ID NO. 31 and SEQ ID NO. 39 and the variable domain of the first heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 6, SEQ ID NO. 14, SEQ ID NO. 35 and SEQ ID NO. 43.

In one embodiment, the variable domain of the first light chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 96% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 2, SEQ ID NO. 10, SEQ ID NO. 19, SEQ ID NO. 31 and SEQ ID NO. 39 and the variable domain of the first heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 96% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 6, SEQ ID NO. 14, SEQ ID NO. 35 and SEQ ID NO. 43.

In one embodiment, the variable domain of the first light chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 97% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 2, SEQ ID NO. 10, SEQ ID NO. 19, SEQ ID NO. 31 and SEQ ID NO. 39 and the variable domain of the first heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 97% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 6, SEQ ID NO. 14, SEQ ID NO. 35 and SEQ ID NO. 43.

In one embodiment, the variable domain of the first light chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 98% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 2, SEQ ID NO. 10, SEQ ID NO. 19, SEQ ID NO. 31 and SEQ ID NO. 39 and the variable domain of the first heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 98% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 6, SEQ ID NO. 14, SEQ ID NO. 35 and SEQ ID NO. 43.

In one embodiment, the variable domain of the first light chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 99% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 2, SEQ ID NO. 10, SEQ ID NO. 19, SEQ ID NO. 31 and SEQ ID NO. 39 and the variable domain of the first heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 99% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 6, SEQ ID NO. 14, SEQ ID NO. 35 and SEQ ID NO. 43.

In one embodiment, the variable domain of the second light chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 2, SEQ ID NO. 10, SEQ ID NO. 19, SEQ ID NO. 31 and SEQ ID NO. 39 and the variable domain of the second heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 6, SEQ ID NO. 14, SEQ ID NO. 35 and SEQ ID NO. 43.

In one embodiment, the variable domain of the second light chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 96% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 2, SEQ ID NO. 10, SEQ ID NO. 19, SEQ ID NO. 31 and SEQ ID NO. 39 and the variable domain of the second heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 96% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 6, SEQ ID NO. 14, SEQ ID NO. 35 and SEQ ID NO. 43.

In one embodiment, the variable domain of the second light chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 97% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 2, SEQ ID NO. 10, SEQ ID NO. 19, SEQ ID NO. 31 and SEQ ID NO. 39 and the variable domain of the second heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 97% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 6, SEQ ID NO. 14, SEQ ID NO. 35 and SEQ ID NO. 43.

In one embodiment, the variable domain of the second light chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 98% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 2, SEQ ID NO. 10, SEQ ID NO. 19, SEQ ID NO. 31 and SEQ ID NO. 39 and the variable domain of the second heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 98% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 6, SEQ ID NO. 14, SEQ ID NO. 35 and SEQ ID NO. 43.

In one embodiment, the variable domain of the second light chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 99% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 2, SEQ ID NO. 10, SEQ ID NO. 19, SEQ ID NO. 31 and SEQ ID NO. 39 and the variable domain of the second heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 99% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 6, SEQ ID NO. 14, SEQ ID NO. 35 and SEQ ID NO. 43.

In one embodiment, the variable domain of the first light chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 2, and the variable domain of the first heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 6, and the variable domain of the second light chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 10, and the variable domain of the second heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 14.

In one embodiment, the variable domain of the first light chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 19, and the variable domain of the first heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 6, and the variable domain of the second light chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 10, and the variable domain of the second heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 14.

In one embodiment, the variable domain of the first light chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 10, and the variable domain of the first heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 14, and the variable domain of the second light chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 2, and the variable domain of the second heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 6.

In one embodiment, the variable domain of the first light chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 10, and the variable domain of the first heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 14, and the variable domain of the second light chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 19, and the variable domain of the second heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 6.

In one embodiment, the variable domain of the first light chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 31, and the variable domain of the first heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 35, and the variable domain of the second light chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 39, and the variable domain of the second heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 43.

In one embodiment, the variable domain of the first light chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 39, and the variable domain of the first heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 43, and the variable domain of the second light chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 31, and the variable domain of the second heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 35.

In one embodiment, the multispecific antibody comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 1, SEQ ID NO. 18, SEQ ID NO. 20, SEQ ID NO. 21, SEQ ID NO. 22, SEQ ID NO. 23, SEQ ID NO. 24, SEQ ID NO. 25, SEQ ID NO. 26, SEQ ID NO. 27, SEQ ID NO. 30, SEQ ID NO. 47, SEQ ID NO. 48, SEQ ID NO. 49, SEQ ID NO. 50, SEQ ID NO. 51, SEQ ID NO. 52 and SEQ ID NO. 53.

In one embodiment, the multispecific antibody comprises an amino acid sequence that is 96% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 1, SEQ ID NO. 18, SEQ ID NO. 20, SEQ ID NO. 21, SEQ ID NO. 22, SEQ ID NO. 23, SEQ ID NO. 24, SEQ ID NO. 25, SEQ ID NO. 26, SEQ ID NO. 27, SEQ ID NO. 30, SEQ ID NO. 47, SEQ ID NO. 48, SEQ ID NO. 49, SEQ ID NO. 50, SEQ ID NO. 51, SEQ ID NO. 52 and SEQ ID NO. 53.

In one embodiment, the multispecific antibody comprises an amino acid sequence that is 97% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 1, SEQ ID NO. 18, SEQ ID NO. 20, SEQ ID NO. 21, SEQ ID NO. 22, SEQ ID NO. 23, SEQ ID NO. 24, SEQ ID NO. 25, SEQ ID NO. 26, SEQ ID NO. 27, SEQ ID NO. 30, SEQ ID NO. 47, SEQ ID NO. 48, SEQ ID NO. 49, SEQ ID NO. 50, SEQ ID NO. 51, SEQ ID NO. 52 and SEQ ID NO. 53.

In one embodiment, the multispecific antibody comprises an amino acid sequence that is 98% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 1, SEQ ID NO. 18, SEQ ID NO. 20, SEQ ID NO. 21, SEQ ID NO. 22, SEQ ID NO. 23, SEQ ID NO. 24, SEQ ID NO. 25, SEQ ID NO. 26, SEQ ID NO. 27, SEQ ID NO. 30, SEQ ID NO. 47, SEQ ID NO. 48, SEQ ID NO. 49, SEQ ID NO. 50, SEQ ID NO. 51, SEQ ID NO. 52 and SEQ ID NO. 53.

In one embodiment, the multispecific antibody comprises an amino acid sequence that is 99% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 1, SEQ ID NO. 18, SEQ ID NO. 20, SEQ ID NO. 21, SEQ ID NO. 22, SEQ ID NO. 23, SEQ ID NO. 24, SEQ ID NO. 25, SEQ ID NO. 26, SEQ ID NO. 27, SEQ ID NO. 30, SEQ ID NO. 47, SEQ ID NO. 48, SEQ ID NO. 49, SEQ ID NO. 50, SEQ ID NO. 51, SEQ ID NO. 52 and SEQ ID NO. 53.

In one embodiment, the multispecific antibody comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 1, SEQ ID NO. 18, SEQ ID NO. 20, SEQ ID NO. 21, SEQ ID NO. 22, SEQ ID NO. 23, SEQ ID NO. 24, SEQ ID NO. 25, SEQ ID NO. 26, SEQ ID NO. 27, SEQ ID NO. 30, SEQ ID NO. 47, SEQ ID NO. 48, SEQ ID NO. 49, SEQ ID NO. 50, SEQ ID NO. 51, SEQ ID NO. 52 and SEQ ID NO. 53.

Trispecific

In another aspect, the disclosure features a multispecific antibody comprising a) a first light chain comprising a first light chain variable region (VL) and a first heavy chain comprising a first heavy chain variable region (VH), wherein the first light chain and the first heavy chain are derived from a first antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof; b) a second light chain comprising a second light chain variable region (VL) and a second heavy chain comprising a second heavy chain variable region (VH), wherein the second light chain and the second heavy chain are derived from a second antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof; and c) a third light chain comprising a first light chain variable region (VL) and a third heavy chain comprising a first heavy chain variable region (VH), wherein the third light chain and the third heavy chain are derived from a third antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, wherein the first antibody, the second antibody and the third antibody bind non-overlapping epitopes of the envelope protein of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), and wherein the VH from the first light chain and the VL from the second light chain are connected by two or more tetra-glycine serine (G4S) protein linkers or wherein the VL from the first light chain and the VH from the second light chain are connected by two or more tetra-glycine serine (G4S) protein linkers.

Tetraspecific

In certain embodiments, the disclosure features a multispecific antibody with four binding sites. In one embodiment, the four binding sites can be arranged by joining two bispecific antibody arms using complementary “Knob-into-holes” Fc fragments. In another embodiment, the four binding sites can be arranged by joining variable VH and VL of four different antibodies by G4S linkers of various length based on structural information, for example 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or more G4S linkers.

Pentaspecific

In certain embodiments, the disclosure features a multispecific antibody with five binding sites. Antibodies with five binding sites can be arranged in the similar manner as antibodies with four binding sites. In one embodiment, the five binding sites can be arranged by joining one bispecific and one trispecific (VH/VL of three antibodies connected by G4S linkers in tandem) antibody arms using complementary “Knobs-into-holes” Fc fragments; or join variable VH and VL of five different antibodies by G4S linkers of various length based on structural information.

In certain embodiments, the first antibody, the second antibody, the third antibody, the fourth antibody or the fifth antibody is an ScFv.

In certain embodiments, the multispecific antibody as described herein further includes a modification in the Fc region. In certain embodiments, the multispecific antibodies of the disclosure include mutations that increase binding to the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), which recycles IgG in intestinal epithelial cells and increases levels in the serum, extended half-life, enhanced mucosal localization, and conferred more efficient protection against lentivirus infection relative to the wild-type antibody. Enhanced neonatal Fc receptor function improves protection against primate SHIV infection. Such mutations are described, for example in Ko et al. (Nature 514, 642-645 (2014)).

Pharmaceutical Formulations

Pharmaceutical formulations of the multispecific antibodies disclosed can be prepared by mixing the antibody with optional pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include solvents, dispersion media, isotonic agents and the like. The carrier can be liquid, semi-solid, e.g. pastes, or solid carriers. Examples of carriers include water, saline solutions or other buffers (such as phosphate, citrate buffers), oil, alcohol, proteins (such as serum albumin, gelatin), carbohydrates (such as monosaccharides, di saccharides, and other carbohydrates including glucose, sucrose, trehalose, mannose, mannitol, sorbitol or dextrins), gel, lipids, liposomes, resins, porous matrices, binders, fillers, coatings, stabilizers, preservatives, antioxidants including ascorbic acid and methionine, chelating agents such as EDTA; salt forming counter-ions such as sodium; non-ionic surfactants such as TWEEN, PLURONICS or polyethylene glycol (PEG), or combinations thereof.

The formulation can contain more than one active compound, e.g., one or more multispecifc antibodies, in combination with one or more additional beneficial compound for preventing and treating HIV infections.

The above-described antibodies can be used in combination with one or more anti-retroviral agents for the treatment of HIV latency and/or infection. See, e.g., US 2010/0166806, US 2010/0324034, and US 2012/0203014, which are hereby incorporated in their entirety.

Compositions according to the present disclosure may also be administered in combination with other agents to enhance the biological activity of such agents. Such agents may include any one or more of the standard anti-HIV agents which are known in the art, including, but not limited to, azidothymidine (AZT), dideoxycytidine (ddC), and dideoxyinosine (ddl). Additional agents which have shown anti-HIV effects and may be combined with compositions in accordance to the disclosure include, for example, raltegravir, maraviroc, bestatin, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), levamisole, estrogen, efavirenz, etravirine, indomethacin, emtricitabine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, amprenavir, tipranavir, indinavir, ritonavir, darunavir, enfuvirtide, and gramicidin.

The active ingredients can be combined with the carrier in any convenient and practical manner, e.g., by admixture, solution, suspension, emulsification, encapsulation, absorption and the like, and can be made in formulations such as tablets, capsules, powder (including lyophilized powder), syrup, suspensions that are suitable for injections, ingestions, infusion, or the like. Sustained-release preparations can also be prepared.

The instant disclosure is related to pharmaceutical compositions of the instant disclosure or the pharmaceutical acceptable salts derived therefrom that comprise analogs that comprise isotopes. In some embodiments, the compositions of the claimed disclosure may contain any isotope described in Cyr and Pearson (Stabilization of radiopharmaceutical compositions using hydrophilic thioethers and hydrophilic 6-hydroxy chromans. Cyr, John E.; Pearson, Daniel A. (Diatide, Inc., USA). PCT Int. Appl. (2002), WO 200260491 A2 20020808), which is herein incorporated by reference. In some embodiments the compositions of the disclosure comprise analog that comprise one or more of the following isotopes: ¹²⁵I, ¹³¹I, ²¹¹At, ⁴⁷Sc, ⁶⁷Cu, ⁷²Ga, ⁹⁰Y, ¹⁵³Sm, ¹⁵⁹Gd, ¹⁶⁵Dy, ¹⁶⁶Ho, ¹⁷⁵Yb, ¹⁷⁷Lu, ²¹²Bi, ²¹³Bi, ⁶⁸Ga, ⁹⁹Tc, ¹¹¹In, ¹²³I and ³H.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the instant disclosure or the pharmaceutical acceptable salts derived therefrom may be in a liquid or solid dosage form. Such compositions may include any type of dosage form such as tablets, capsules, powders, liquid formulations, delayed or sustained release, patches, snuffs, nasal sprays and the like. The formulations may additionally include other ingredients such as dyes, preservatives, buffers and anti-oxidants, for example. The physical form and content of the pharmaceutical formulations contemplated are conventional preparations that can be formulated by those skilled in the pharmaceutical formulation field and are based on well established principles and compositions described in, for example, Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 19th Edition, 1995; British Pharmacopoeia 2000, each of which is incorporated herein by reference. The compositions of the present disclosure may also include other active agents useful in the treatment of cardiovascular conditions. Solid forms can be prepared according to any means suitable in the art. For example, capsules are prepared by mixing the analog composition with a suitable diluent and filling the proper amount of the mixture in capsules. Tablets are prepared by direct compression, by wet granulation, or by dry granulation. Their formulations usually incorporate diluents, binders, lubricants and disintegrators as well as the compound. Diluents, but are not limited to, include various types of starch, cellulose, crystalline cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, lactose, fructose, sucrose, mannitol or other sugar alcohols, kaolin, calcium phosphate or sulfate, inorganic salts such as sodium chloride and powdered sugar. Powdered cellulose derivatives are also useful. Non-limiting examples of tablet binders include, but are not limited to, starches, gelatin and sugars such as lactose, fructose, glucose and the like. Natural and synthetic gums are also convenient, including, but are not limited to, acacia, alginates, methylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone and the like. Polyethylene glycol, ethylcellulose and waxes can also serve as binders. A lubricant can be used in a tablet formulation to prevent the tablet and punches from sticking in the die. The lubricant include, but are not limited to, such slippery solids as talc, magnesium and calcium stearate, stearic acid and hydrogenated vegetable oils. Tablets can be coated with sugar as a flavor and sealant, or with film-forming protecting agents to modify the dissolution properties of the tablet. The compounds may also be formulated as chewable tablets, by using large amounts of pleasant-tasting substances such as mannitol in the formulation, as is now well-established in the art.

Also contemplated are liquid formulations and solid form preparations which are intended to be converted, shortly before use, to liquid form preparations. Such liquid forms include, but are not limited to, solutions, suspensions, syrups, slurries, and emulsions. Liquid preparations may be prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable additives such as suspending agents (e.g., sorbitol syrup, cellulose derivatives or hydrogenated edible fats or oils); emulsifying agents (e.g., lecithin or acacia); non-aqueous vehicles (e.g., almond oil, oily esters, or fractionated vegetable oils); and preservatives (e.g., methyl or propyl-p-hydroxybenzoates or sorboc acid). These preparations may contain, in addition to the active agent, colorants, flavors, stabilizers, buffers, artificial and natural sweeteners, dispersants, thickeners, solubilizing agents, and the like. The compositions may be in powder form for constitution with a suitable vehicle such as sterile water, saline solution, or alcohol, before use.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the instant disclosure or the pharmaceutical acceptable salts derived therefrom may be in a dosage amount in an effective amount for inducing or increasing the naturally occurring biological activity of the wild-type amino acid sequence upon which the antibody is derived. The pharmaceutical compositions of the instant disclosure or the pharmaceutical acceptable salts derived therefrom may be in a dosage amount in an effective amount for inducing or increasing the naturally occurring biological activity of the wild-type VIP polypeptide upon which the analog is derived.

In some embodiments, a subject in need thereof is administered from about 0.0001 to about 3000 milligrams of antibody, antibody binding fragment or pharmaceutically salt thereof per day, per week or per month. In some embodiments, a subject is administered up to about 2000 milligrams of antibody, antibody binding fragment or pharmaceutically salt thereof day. In some embodiments, a subject is administered up to about 1800 milligrams of antibody, antibody binding fragment or pharmaceutically salt thereof per day, per week or per month. In some embodiments, a subject is administered up to about 1600 milligrams of Antibody, antibody binding fragment or pharmaceutically salt thereof per day, per week or per month. In some embodiments, a subject is administered up to about 1400 milligrams of Antibody, antibody binding fragment or pharmaceutically salt thereof per day, per week or per month. In some embodiments, a subject is administered up to about 1200 milligrams of Antibody, antibody binding fragment or pharmaceutically salt thereof per day, per week or per month. In some embodiments, a subject is administered up to about 1000 milligrams of Antibody, antibody binding fragment or pharmaceutically salt thereof per day, per week or per month. In some embodiments, a subject is administered up to about 800 milligrams of Antibody, antibody binding fragment or pharmaceutically salt thereof per day, per week or per month. In some embodiments, a subject is administered from about 0.0001 milligrams to about 700 milligrams of Antibody, antibody binding fragment or pharmaceutically salt thereof per dose. In some embodiments, a subject is administered up to about 700 milligrams of Antibody, antibody binding fragment or pharmaceutically salt thereof per dose. In some embodiments, a subject is administered up to about 600 milligrams of Antibody, antibody binding fragment or pharmaceutically salt thereof per dose. In some embodiments, a subject is administered up to about 500 milligrams of Antibody, antibody binding fragment or pharmaceutically salt thereof per dose. In some embodiments, a subject is administered up to about 400 milligrams of Antibody, antibody binding fragment or pharmaceutically salt thereof per dose. In some embodiments, a subject is administered up to about 300 milligrams of Antibody, antibody binding fragment or pharmaceutically salt thereof per dose. In some embodiments, a subject is administered up to about 200 milligrams of Antibody, antibody binding fragment or pharmaceutically salt thereof per dose. In some embodiments, a subject is administered up to about 100 milligrams of Antibody, antibody binding fragment or pharmaceutically salt thereof per dose. In some embodiments, a subject is administered up to about 50 milligrams of Antibody, antibody binding fragment or pharmaceutically salt thereof per dose. In some embodiments, a subject is administered up to about 25 milligrams of Antibody, antibody binding fragment or pharmaceutically salt thereof per dose. In some embodiments, a subject is administered up to about 15 milligrams of Antibody, antibody binding fragment or pharmaceutically salt thereof per dose.

Methods of Treatment and Prevention

In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a composition comprising a multispecific antibody, or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, as described herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The composition may include a plurality of the antibodies having the characteristics described herein in any combination and can further include antibodies neutralizing to HIV as are known in the art.

It is to be understood that compositions can be a single or a combination of antibodies disclosed herein, which can be the same or different, in order to prophylactically or therapeutically treat the progression of various subtypes of HIV infection. When an antibody or active agent is administered to an animal or a human, it can be combined with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients or adjuvants as are known to one of ordinary skilled in the art.

Further, with respect to determining the effective level in a patient for treatment of HIV, in particular, suitable animal models are available and have been widely implemented for evaluating the in vivo efficacy against HIV of various therapy protocols. These models include mice, monkeys and cats. Even though these animals are not naturally susceptible to HIV disease, chimeric mice models (for example, SCID, bg/nu/xid, NOD/SCID, SCID-hu, immunocompetent SCID-hu, bone marrow-ablated BALB/c) reconstituted with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), lymph nodes, fetal liver/thymus or other tissues can be infected with lentiviral vector or HIV, and employed as models for HIV pathogenesis. Similarly, the simian immune deficiency virus (SrV)/monkey model can be employed, as can the feline immune deficiency virus (FIV)/cat model. The pharmaceutical composition can contain other pharmaceuticals, in conjunction with a vector according to the disclosure, when used to therapeutically treat AIDS. These other pharmaceuticals can be used in their traditional fashion (i.e., as agents to treat HIV infection).

According to another embodiment, the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a multispecific antibody, or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, as described herein, which provides a prophylactic or therapeutic treatment choice to reduce the latent reservoir and infection of the HIV virus. The pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure may be formulated by any number of strategies known in the art (e.g., see McGoff and Scher, 2000, Solution Formulation of Proteins/Peptides: In McNally, E. J., ed. Protein Formulation and Delivery. New York, N.Y.: Marcel Dekker; pp. 139-158; Akers and Defilippis, 2000, Peptides and Proteins as Parenteral Solutions. In: Pharmaceutical Formulation Development of Peptides and Proteins. Philadelphia, Pa.: Talyor and Francis; pp. 145-177; Akers, et al., 2002, Pharm. Biotechnol. 14:47-127). A pharmaceutically acceptable composition suitable for patient administration will contain an effective amount of the multispecific in a formulation which both retains biological activity while also promoting maximal stability during storage within an acceptable temperature range. The pharmaceutical compositions can also include, depending on the formulation desired, pharmaceutically acceptable diluents, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and/or pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, or any such vehicle commonly used to formulate pharmaceutical compositions for animal or human administration. The diluent is selected so as not to affect the biological activity of the combination. Examples of such diluents are distilled water, physiological phosphate-buffered saline, Ringer's solutions, dextrose solution, and Hank's solution. The amount of an excipient that is useful in the pharmaceutical composition or formulation of this disclosure is an amount that serves to uniformly distribute the antibody throughout the composition so that it can be uniformly dispersed when it is to be delivered to a subject in need thereof. It may serve to dilute the antibody or other active agent to a concentration which provides the desired beneficial palliative or curative results while at the same time minimizing any adverse side effects that might occur from too high a concentration. It may also have a preservative effect. Thus, for an active ingredient having a high physiological activity, more of the excipient will be employed. On the other hand, for any active ingredient(s) that exhibit a lower physiological activity, a lesser quantity of the excipient will be employed.

The above described multispecific antibodies and antibody compositions, comprising at least one or a combination of the antibodies described herein, can be administered for the prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of HIV viral infection.

The composition can be a pharmaceutical composition that contains a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

According to another embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method of reducing or preventing the establishment of a latent reservoir of HIV infected cells in a subject in need thereof (e.g., a subject infected with HIV or at risk of infection with HIV), thereby treating infection with a HIV infection, comprising administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising the multispecific antibodies disclosed herein. The compositions of the disclosure can include more than one antibody having the characteristics disclosed (for example, a plurality or pool of antibodies). It also can include other HIV neutralizing antibodies and/or active agent known in the art.

Subjects at risk for HIV-related diseases or disorders include patients who have come into contact with an infected person or who have been exposed to HIV in some other way.

Administration of a prophylactic agent can occur prior to the manifestation of symptoms characteristic of HIV-related disease or disorder, such that a disease or disorder is prevented or, alternatively, delayed in its progression.

For in vivo treatment of human and non-human patients, the patient is administered or provided a pharmaceutical formulation including an HIV antibody of the disclosure. When used for in vivo therapy, the antibodies of the disclosure are administered to the patient in therapeutically effective amounts (i.e., amounts that eliminate or reduce the patient's latent viral reservoir). The antibodies are administered to a human patient, in accord with known methods, such as intravenous administration, for example, as a bolus or by continuous infusion over a period of time, by intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intracerobrospinal, subcutaneous, intra-articular, intrasynovial, intrathecal, oral, topical, or inhalation routes. The antibodies can be administered parenterally, when possible, at the target cell site, or intravenously. In some embodiments, antibody is administered by intravenous or subcutaneous administration. Therapeutic compositions of the disclosure may be administered to a patient or subject systemically, parenterally, or locally. The above parameters for assessing successful treatment and improvement in the disease are readily measurable by routine procedures familiar to a physician.

For parenteral administration, the antibodies may be formulated in a unit dosage injectable form (solution, suspension, emulsion) in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable, parenteral vehicle. Examples of such vehicles include, but are not limited, water, saline, Ringer's solution, dextrose solution, and 5% human serum albumin. Nonaqueous vehicles include, but are not limited to, fixed oils and ethyl oleate. Liposomes can be used as carriers. The vehicle may contain minor amounts of additives such as substances that enhance isotonicity and chemical stability, such as, for example, buffers and preservatives. The antibodies can be formulated in such vehicles at concentrations of about 1 mg/ml to 10 mg/ml.

The dose and dosage regimen depends upon a variety of factors readily determined by a physician, such as the nature of the infection, for example, its therapeutic index, the patient, and the patient's history. Generally, a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody is administered to a patient. In some embodiments, the amount of antibody administered is in the range of about 0.1 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg of patient body weight. Depending on the type and severity of the infection, about 0.1 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg body weight (for example, about 0.1-15 mg/kg/dose) of antibody is an initial candidate dosage for administration to the patient, whether, for example, by one or more separate administrations, or by continuous infusion. The progress of this therapy is readily monitored by conventional methods and assays and based on criteria known to the physician or other persons of skill in the art. The above parameters for assessing successful treatment and improvement in the disease are readily measurable by routine procedures familiar to a physician.

Other therapeutic regimens may be combined with the administration of the multispecific antibodies of the present disclosure. The combined administration includes coadministration, using separate formulations or a single pharmaceutical formulation, and consecutive administration in either order, wherein preferably there is a time period while both (or all) active agents simultaneously exert their biological activities. Such combined therapy can result in a synergistic therapeutic effect. The parameters for assessing successful treatment and improvement in the disease are also readily measurable by routine procedures familiar to a physician.

Those in need of treatment include those already with the disorder as well as those prone to have the disorder or those in whom the disorder is to be prevented. A subject or mammal is successfully “treated” for an infection if, after receiving a therapeutic amount of an antibody according to the methods of the present disclosure, the patient shows observable and/or measurable reduction in or absence of one or more of the following: reduction in the number of infected cells or absence of the infected cells; reduction in the percent of total cells that are infected; and/or relief to some extent, one or more of the symptoms associated with the specific infection; reduced morbidity and mortality, and improvement in quality of life issues. The above parameters for assessing successful treatment and improvement in the disease are readily measurable by routine procedures familiar to a physician.

Eliminating the HIV-1 reservoir in chronic infection is key to curing the disease, but direct measurement of the latent reservoir to evaluate therapeutic eradication strategies remains difficult (Siliciano et al, Curr Opin HIV AIDS, 2013. 8(4): p. 318-25). Quantitative viral outgrowth assays and PCR-based assays of integrated DNA yield variable results (Eriksson et al., PLoS Pathog, 2013. 9(2): p. e1003174) in part because PCR cannot distinguish between inactive and permanently disabled proviruses, and outgrowth assays underestimate reservoir size (Ho et al., Cell, 2013. 155(3): p. 540-51). To that end, the most effective way to evaluate the reservoir in vivo is to measure viral rebound after terminating therapy as disclosed in the examples below.

V. Methods of Making

Another aspect of the disclosure is a method of generating a multispecific antibody comprising a first light chain comprising a first light chain variable region (VL) and a first heavy chain comprising a first heavy chain variable region (VH), wherein the first light chain and the first heavy chain are derived from a first antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof; and a second light chain comprising a second light chain variable region (VL) and a second heavy chain comprising a second heavy chain variable region (VH), wherein the second light chain and the second heavy chain are derived from a second antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, wherein the first antibody and the second antibody bind non-overlapping epitopes of the envelope protein of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), and wherein the VH from the first light chain and the VL from the second light chain are connected by two or more tetra-glycine serine (G4S) protein linkers or wherein the VL from the first light chain and the VH from the second light chain are connected by two or more tetra-glycine serine (G4S) protein linkers.

In one embodiment, the multispecific antibody is prepared by recombinant methods. Thus, the disclosure also relates to a method for the preparation of a multispecific antibody according to the disclosure, comprising the steps of transforming a host cell with vectors comprising nucleic acids encoding the first light chain comprising a first light chain variable region (VL) and a first heavy chain comprising a first heavy chain variable region (VH), wherein the first light chain and the first heavy chain are derived from a first antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof; the second light chain comprising a second light chain variable region (VL) and a second heavy chain comprising a second heavy chain variable region (VH), wherein the second light chain and the second heavy chain are derived from a second antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, and in certain embodiments, a third antibody which specifically binds to a third epitope, culturing said host cell under conditions that allow synthesis of said multispecific antibody; and recovering said multispecific antibody from said host cell culture.

Another object of the disclosure is a multispecific antibody produced by a method according to the disclosure.

In other embodiments, the present disclosure features a host cell comprising a vector comprising nucleic acids according to the disclosure encoding the first light chain derived from a first antibody which specifically binds to a first antigen; a vector comprising nucleic acids according to the disclosure encoding the first heavy chain derived from a first antibody which specifically binds to a first antigen; a vector comprising nucleic acids according to the disclosure encoding the second light chain derived from a second antibody which specifically binds to a second antigen; and a vector comprising nucleic acids according to the disclosure encoding the second heavy chain derived from a second antibody which specifically binds to a second antigen.

In other embodiments, the disclosure features a nucleic acid encoding the multispecific antibody according to the disclosure. In one embodiment, the nucleic acid according to the disclosure is an isolated nucleic acid.

In one embodiment the nucleic acid encodes a first light chain comprising a first light chain variable region (VL) and a first heavy chain comprising a first heavy chain variable region (VH), wherein the first light chain and the first heavy chain are derived from a first antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof; and a second light chain comprising a second light chain variable region (VL) and a second heavy chain comprising a second heavy chain variable region (VH), wherein the second light chain and the second heavy chain are derived from a second antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof.

Standard recombinant DNA methodologies are used to construct the polynucleotides that encode the polypeptides which form the antibodies, incorporate these polynucleotides into recombinant expression vectors, and introduce such vectors into host cells. See e.g., Sambrook et al., 2001, MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 3rd ed.). Enzymatic reactions and purification techniques may be performed according to manufacturer's specifications, as commonly accomplished in the art, or as described herein. Unless specific definitions are provided, the nomenclature utilized in connection with, and the laboratory procedures and techniques of, analytical chemistry, synthetic organic chemistry, and medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry described herein are those well-known and commonly used in the art. Similarly, conventional techniques may be used for chemical syntheses, chemical analyses, pharmaceutical preparation, formulation, delivery, and treatment of patients.

Other aspects of the present disclosure relate to isolated nucleic acid molecules comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding any of the antibodies described herein. In some embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid is operably linked to a heterologous promoter to direct transcription of the binding protein-coding nucleic acid sequence. A promoter may refer to nucleic acid control sequences which direct transcription of a nucleic acid. A first nucleic acid sequence is operably linked to a second nucleic acid sequence when the first nucleic acid sequence is placed in a functional relationship with the second nucleic acid sequence. For instance, a promoter is operably linked to a coding sequence of a binding protein if the promoter affects the transcription or expression of the coding sequence.

Examples of promoters may include, but are not limited to, promoters obtained from the genomes of viruses (such as polyoma virus, fowlpox virus, adenovirus (such as Adenovirus 2), bovine papilloma virus, avian sarcoma virus, cytomegalovirus, a retrovirus, hepatitis-B virus, Simian Virus 40 (SV40), and the like), from heterologous eukaryotic promoters (such as the actin promoter, an immunoglobulin promoter, from heat-shock promoters, and the like), the CAG-promoter (Niwa et al., Gene 108(2):193-9, 1991), the phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK)-promoter, a tetracycline-inducible promoter (Masui et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 33:e43, 2005), the lac system, the trp system, the tac system, the trc system, major operator and promoter regions of phage lambda, the promoter for 3-phosphoglycerate kinase, the promoters of yeast acid phosphatase, and the promoter of the yeast alpha-mating factors. Polynucleotides encoding binding proteins of the present disclosure may be under the control of a constitutive promoter, an inducible promoter, or any other suitable promoter described herein or other suitable promoter that will be readily recognized by one skilled in the art.

In some embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid is incorporated into a vector. In some embodiments, the vector is an expression vector. Expression vectors may include one or more regulatory sequences operatively linked to the polynucleotide to be expressed. The term “regulatory sequence” includes promoters, enhancers and other expression control elements (e.g., polyadenylation signals). Examples of suitable enhancers may include, but are not limited to, enhancer sequences from mammalian genes (such as globin, elastase, albumin, I-fetoprotein, insulin and the like), and enhancer sequences from a eukaryotic cell virus (such as SV40 enhancer on the late side of the replication origin (bp 100-270), the cytomegalovirus early promoter enhancer, the polyoma enhancer on the late side of the replication origin, adenovirus enhancers, and the like). Examples of suitable vectors may include, for example, plasmids, cosmids, episomes, transposons, and viral vectors (e.g., adenoviral, vaccinia viral, Sindbis-viral, measles, herpes viral, lentiviral, retroviral, adeno-associated viral vectors, etc.). Expression vectors can be used to transfect host cells, such as, for example, bacterial cells, yeast cells, insect cells, and mammalian cells. Biologically functional viral and plasmid DNA vectors capable of expression and replication in a host are known in the art, and can be used to transfect any cell of interest.

Other aspects of the present disclosure relate to a vector system comprising one or more vectors encoding a polypeptide chain of any of the antibodies or antibody binding fragments described herein.

Other aspects of the present disclosure relate to a host cell (e.g., an isolated host cell) comprising one or more isolated polynucleotides, vectors, and/or vector systems described herein. In some embodiments, an isolated host cell of the present disclosure is cultured in vitro. In some embodiments, the host cell is a bacterial cell (e.g., an E. coli cell). In some embodiments, the host cell is a yeast cell (e.g., an S. cerevisiae cell). In some embodiments, the host cell is an insect cell. Examples of insect host cells may include, for example, Drosophila cells (e.g., S2 cells), Trichoplusia ni cells (e.g., HIGH FIVE cells), and Spodoptera frugiperda cells (e.g., Sf21 or Sf9 cells). In some embodiments, the host cell is a mammalian cell. Examples of mammalian host cells may include, for example, human embryonic kidney cells (e.g., 293 or 293 cells subcloned for growth in suspension culture), EXPI293 cells, CHO cells, baby hamster kidney cells (e.g., BHK, ATCC CCL 10), mouse sertoli cells (e.g., TM4 cells), monkey kidney cells (e.g., CV1 ATCC CCL 70), African green monkey kidney cells (e.g., VERO-76, ATCC CRL-1587), human cervical carcinoma cells (e.g., HELA, ATCC CCL 2), canine kidney cells (e.g., MDCK, ATCC CCL 34), buffalo rat liver cells (e.g., BRL 3A, ATCC CRL 1442), human lung cells (e.g., W138, ATCC CCL 75), human liver cells (e.g., Hep G2, HB 8065), mouse mammary tumor cells (e.g., MMT 060562, ATCC CCL51), TM cells, MRC 5 cells, FS4 cells, a human hepatoma line (e.g., Hep G2), and myeloma cells (e.g., NS0 and Sp2/0 cells).

Other aspects of the present disclosure relate to a method of producing any of the antibodies described herein. In some embodiments, the method includes a) culturing a host cell (e.g., any of the host cells described herein) comprising an isolated nucleic acid, vector, and/or vector system (e.g., any of the isolated nucleic acids, vectors, and/or vector systems described herein) under conditions such that the host cell expresses the antibody; and b) isolating the antibody from the host cell. Methods of culturing host cells under conditions to express a protein are well known to one of ordinary skill in the art. Methods of isolating proteins from cultured host cells are well known to one of ordinary skill in the art, including, for example, by affinity chromatography (e.g., two step affinity chromatography comprising protein A affinity chromatography followed by size exclusion chromatography).

All patent applications, issued patents and journal articles disclosed herein are incorporated by reference in their entireties.

EXAMPLES Example 1. Bi-Specific bNAbs Targeting the CD4 Binding Site and V3-Base Glycan Display Expanded Neutralization Breadth

To date, HIV-1 Env bNAbs are classified into five groups depending on their cognate epitopes (1,2): i) PG9/PG16 that recognize the trimer V2 apex; ii) Receptor CD4 binding site (CD4bs) specific bNAbs including VRC01/VRC07 and 3BNC117; iii) 35022 and PGT151 that recognize the gp120/gp41 interface; iv) PGT121/PGT135 that recognize V3 base glycans; and v) 10E8/4E10/2F5 that recognize gp41 membrane proximal external region (MPER). Many bNAbs demonstrated encouraging protective efficacy as both preventive and therapeutic agents in humanized mouse and simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) rhesus macaque animal models after passive infusion (11-18). However, the outcome of the most recent clinical trials with bNAbs as therapeutic agents strikingly revealed that the antigenically diverse and persistently evolving HIV-1 Env can rapidly acquire mutations that evade bNAbs administered as single agents (19, 20). The quick onset of escaping virus quasi species in these single bNAb agent therapy trials strongly highlights the need to develop combination therapy strategies to control virus rebound.

The advantage of bNAb combination therapy has been demonstrated by a number of in vitro studies (5, 21). There is a substantial gain of neutralization potency and breadth when two bNAbs targeting independent epitopes are combined to test neutralization capacities against a virus panel consisting of 125 diverse tier 2 and 3 viruses. There is further incremental gain of neutralization potency and breadth by combining 3 or 4 bNAbs of different epitope specificity, resulting in a virtual 100% virus coverage (5). The scientific premise of combination therapy is further supported by a number of in vivo animal studies in which dual-, triple-, and penta-combinations of bNAbs resulted in improved protective efficacy compared to mono bNAb therapy (12, 13). The use of a “single” agent consisting of these multiple functional binding moieties as a means of delivering combination therapy is preferred for both regulatory and manufacturing purposes, in addition to the potential of augmented potency resulting from the increased avidity through bi- or multi-valence Env binding and possible synergistic effect between bNAbs (FIG. 1).

Previous bispecific bNAb designs utilizing CrossMab technology to combine two bNAb Fabs first proved the concept that empirical combinations of bNAb functional moieties in bi-valence format could achieve breadth and coverage (94-97%) superior to individual parental bNAbs (70-90%) (22). The experiments described herein propose to further the crosslinking of Env trimer by structure-based rational design that ensures the optimal accommodation of individual bNAb functional moieties that will orchestrate multi-epitope engagement to achieve superior binding avidity and profoundly enhanced viral inhibition breadth and potency.

As prevention and therapy agents, the bNAb derivatives play major roles in i) inhibiting virus entry by neutralizing the free infectious virus particle, ii) preventing virus cell-to-cell spread, and iii) eliminating virus-infected cells by binding the Env molecules expressed on the surface of the infected cells and triggering antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) through interaction between the IgG Fc region and the Fc receptors on effector cells (primarily NK cells) (reviewed in (1)). Thus, the dramatically enhanced viral inhibition breadth and potency associated with the superior binding avidity achieved by Env trimer multi-epitope crosslinking proposed in this study is highly relevant to HIV prevention and therapy efficacy. In addition, the proposed Env trimer multi-epitope crosslinking mechanism will more efficiently combat the emergence of HIV bNAb escaping mutants. Furthermore, modifying the Fc region of bNAb derivatives which will result in bNAb molecules with augmented ADCC effector function, broader effector cell spectra, expanded bio-distribution in HIV reservoir-residing tissues, and longer lasting in vivo half-lives is also proposed. All these features along with selected combinations and permutations will plausibly be applied in optimizing the next generation of prevention and therapeutic agents.

A goal of the studies described herein is to further the crosslinking of Env trimer by structure-based rational design that ensures the optimal accommodation of individual bNAb functional moieties that will orchestrate multi-epitope engagement to achieve superior binding avidity and profoundly enhanced viral inhibition breadth and potency. Conventional bispecific antibodies are formed by empirical combination of Fabs with distinct binding specificity for different molecules or different epitopes within one molecule (FIG. 2A). The empirical combination of Fab functional domains results in compromised biological functions at high frequency, with limited specificities (in most cases, two specificities) combined (22, 23). In contrast, the present studies take a structure-based rational design approach that ensures the optimal accommodation of individual bNAb functional moieties that will orchestrate multi-epitope engagement to achieve superior binding avidity and profoundly enhanced viral inhibition breadth and potency (FIG. 2B). The tandem combination of HIV Env binding moieties allows combinations of up to five epitope specificities, which maximizes the possible ways of multi-epitope targeting in one single construct (FIG. 2B). This single molecule construct configuration is particularly more amenable than conventional CrossMab or “knob-into-holes” configuration requiring more than one construct when advanced to viral expression vectors for further downstream applications.

As the first step toward generating multi-epitope targeting bNAbs, bi-specific single-chain variable fragment (bi-ScFv) consisting of two bNAb epitope binding moieties based on structural information were engineered. The bNAbs VRC01 (CD4bs-directed) (24) and PGT121 (V3-base glycan-directed) (25), which neutralize approximately 90% and 70% of circulating viruses, were chosen, respectively as a model system based on the following criteria: i) both bNAbs display impressive neutralization potency and breadth; ii) structure biology information is available for rational design; and iii) biological relevance: both VRC01 and PGT121 demonstrated impressive protective efficacy in animal models (11, 18, 26), while VRC01 displayed the ability to control viremia as a therapeutic agent in clinical trial (19).

FIG. 3A-C shows bi-ScFv and bi-IgG1 of VRC01-PGT121 design and expression. As illustrated in FIG. 3A, the bNAb-Env trimer binding mode and the spatial distance between the bNAb variable chains, VH and VL, were taken into account for optimizing the bi-ScFv molecular topology and the means to join individual ScFv moieties. The VRC01 CD4bs epitope is adjacent to that of PGT121 on the Env gp140 BG505 SOSIP.664 trimer, suggesting that it is feasible to engineer a bi-ScFv by joining the variable regions of two bNAbs with flexible linkers. Two different approaches were used to construct VRC01-PGT121 bi-ScFv molecules, based on the following atomic parameters of VRC01 and PGT121 functional variable domains: 1) There is approximately 39 Å distance between the C-terminus of VRC01 VH domain and the N-terminus of PGT121 VL domain (FIG. 3A, upper), which can be joined by 5 G4S linker using the topology of VRC01 (VL-VH) ScFv-linker-PGT121 (VL-VH) ScFv; and 2) There is approximately 55 Å distance between the N-terminus of VRC01 VH and the C-terminus of PGT121 VL (FIG. 3A, lower), which can be bridged by multiple (3 to 5) G4S linkers using the topology of PGT121 (VH-VL) ScFv-linker-VRC01 (VH-VL).

Aa series of VRC01-PGT121 bi-ScFvs and full length IgGs were generated (FIG. 3B), with combinations and permutations of VH-VL orientations and linker length for optimization (SEQ ID NOs 1-27). The nomenclature of these constructs was defined by the VH-VL orientations and linker length. For instance, VRC01-5x-PGT121 refers to VRC01(VL-VH)-(G4S)₅-PGT121(VL-VH). A construct was also made containing a 2 amino acid deletion at the N-terminus of VRC01 VL to avoid potential steric clash reported previously, which was designated as _(d)VRC01-5x-PGT121 (FIG. 3B). These bi-ScFvs and full length IgGs were expressed in mammalian 293FreeStyle cells and purified by Ni+ and protein A column, respectively. All the proteins have expected molecular weight, as shown in representative SDS-PAGE gels (FIG. 11A), as well as size exclusion chromatography (FIG. 3C).

FIG. 4 shows bi-ScFv and bi-IgG1 of VRC01-PGT121 interact with HIV-1 Env trimer in a bispecific manner. The binding specificities of these constructs were validated by ELISA binding assay (not shown) as well as Bio-Layer Interferometry (BLI) which demonstrated that both VRC01 and PGT121 binding moieties are functional (FIG. 4). As shown in FIG. 4, Env CD4bs ligand, RSC3 (Ligand 1), was initially captured to BLI probe, followed by loading the bi-ScFv (upper) and bi-IgG1 (lower) or control antibodies to the probe. The binding signals between the CD4bs ligand RSC3 and the test antibodies were shown as the increased binding response. As expected, only VRC01 and the bi-ScFv or bi-IgG1 demonstrated substantial binding signals. Subsequently, the probe was immersed into buffers containing trimeric Env protein (ligand 2) with CD4bs knockout mutation (VRC01 K/O) but retaining the V3 base glycan epitope for PGT121 recognition. Only the bi-ScFv or bi-IgG1 which recognizes both CD4bs and V3 base glycan epiotipes displayed binding response signal. Furthermore, it was shown using single molecule electron microscopy (EM) analysis that the VRC01-PGT121 bi-ScFv binds Env trimer in a bi-specific manner (FIG. 12C). The well-behaved expression and Env trimer binding phenotypes of the bi-ScFV and IgGs firmly authenticates the rationales of the design.

To assess neutralization capacity of the bi-ScFvs and IgGs, an initial virus panel of high stringency consisting of 20 tier 2 virus strains, including 12 single- and 2 dual-resistant strains was used. The results are shown in FIG. 5A-FIG. 5D. FIG. 5A is a graph that shows the potency and breadth curve of Bi-ScFv molecules tested with selected 20 virus panel. FIG. 5B is a graph that shows the potency and breadth curve of bi-IgG1 molecules tested with selected 20 virus panel. FIG. 5C is a table that shows a summary of the virus neutralization parameters of the bispecific antibody molecules. FIG. 5D is a table that shows virus neutralization potency displayed with IC₅₀ (ug/ml) values.

As shown in FIG. 5, most of the VRC01-PGT121 bispecific scFvs and IgGs (N=10) display expanded virus neutralization breadth compared with the parental antibody VRC01 and PGT121, respectively. Of the multiple iterations tested, one combination of VRC01/PGT121, namely _(d)VRC01-5x-PGT121, containing (G4S)₅ linker and a 2 amino acid residue deletion in the N-terminus of VRC01 light chain, was found to display improved coverage over the parental antibodies with 100% coverage of neutralization, and potency comparable to the combination of the individual parental antibodies (FIG. 5C and FIG. 5D). In IgG1 form, its virus coverage is much higher than PGT121 and slightly higher than VRC01 (FIG. 6 and FIG. 7), when assayed with a more expanded 200 virus panel. FIG. 6A-FIG. 6C shows bi-ScFv and bi-IgG1 of VRC01-PGT121 virus neutralization potency and breadth assessed with a 200 virus panel reflecting the worldwide diversified HIV-1 primary isolates. FIG. 7 is a Table that shows neutralization potency and breadth (IC₅₀ value, in μg/ml) of _(d)VRC01-PGT bi-ScFv and IgG assessed against a 200-isolate virus panel.

These results suggest that through rational design and iterative optimization, bi-ScFv-based antibodies can achieve superior neutralization breadth and may be candidate moieties for engineering multifunctional anti-viral agents for the prevention and treatment of HIV-1 infection.

Example 2. Synergistic Effect by Bi-Specific bNAbs Targeting the Gp120/Gp41 Interface and the Gp41 MPER

Among the five major bNAb epitope clusters, the gp41 MPER targeted by 10E8, and the gp120/gp41 interface recognized by 35022 (27) are located in proximity on the Env trimer. By superimposing the structures of Env BG505 SOSIP.664 trimer-35022 complex (27) with the more recent fully glycosylated Env trimer-10E8 complex (3), the spatial distance between the variable domains of 35022 and 10E8 (FIG. 8) was determined, and a series of bi-ScFvs were designed in similar manners with the VRC01-PGT121 bi-ScFvs described supra. The sequences of these biScFvs and IgG molecules are shown in SEQ ID NOs 30-53.

The engineered 35022-10E8 bi-ScFv and IgG molecules were initially purified and tested for binding to their cognate epitopes on Env protein variants including MPER peptide (specific for 10E8) and BG505 SOSIP.664 (specific for 35022). As expected, all bi-specific molecules display positive binding to both epitopes (not shown).

Next, virus neutralization capacities were tested against a virus panel of high stringency consisting of 24 tier 2 & 3 viruses similar to that were used for testing the bi-ScFVs of VRC01-PGT121. It is of note that this panel of viruses displays a high degree of resistance to 35022, with only 33% virus coverage but high potency for the sensitive strains, while most of these viruses are sensitive to 10E8 neutralization with 92% coverage and good potency (geometric mean IC₅₀=0.5 μg/ml).

FIG. 9A-FIG. 9C shows bi-ScFv and IgG of 35022-10E8 virus neutralization potency and breadth tested with selected 24 virus panel. The 35022-10E8 bi-ScFvs and IgGs demonstrated unaltered or slightly improved virus coverage (92-96%) (FIG. 9A and FIG. 9B). Interestingly, substantially increased potencies of the bi-functional molecules was found compared to the parental bNAb 10E8 and 35022 (FIG. 9C), likely caused by synergistic effect, which will be validated in subsequent analysis. An expanded 200 virus panel will also be further tested to confirm the neutralization potency and breadth.

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Example 3. Methods

This example describes the general methods used to carry out the experiments in Examples 4-9. The methods used in Examples 4-9 include, but are not limited to the below described methods.

Analysis of Ab Structures in Complex with SOSIP

The published structure of the two bNAbs PGT122 and VRC01 bound to JR-FL SOSIP.664 (PDB: 5FYK)⁴⁰ was used to model bispecific combinations of VRC01 and PGT121 in the program Chimera⁴¹ where PGT122 served as the surrogate for PGT121. Trimers were visualized using the Higher Order Structure-Unit Cell tool. Antibody variable domains were retained for analysis, while antibody residues corresponding to the CL1 and CH1 regions were deleted from the Fab entities. Distances between termini were assessed by selecting the respective terminis' Cβ atoms using the Structure Analysis-Distance tool and measuring the spatial distance.

Antibody Production

Bi-NAbs in a ScFv format were designed utilizing tetra-glycine-serine (G₄S) peptide linkers^(36, 37). C-terminal His-tagged Bi-ScFvs DNA sequences were synthesized (GenScript, Piscataway, N.J.) and cloned into the pcDNA3.1(−) vector while the Bi-ScFv lacking the C-terminal His tag was subcloned into an IgG1 Fc vector as well as IgG1 Fc vectors carrying knob-and-hole mutations³². Bi-NAbs were expressed by transient transfection of either Bi-ScFv or Bi-ScFv-IgGl Fc plasmids in 293F cells. Tri-NAbs were expressed by transient transfection of the Bi-ScFv_(dVRC01-5X-PGT121) IgG1 Fc “knob”, 10E8 HC “hole” and 10E8 LC plasmids in 293F cells. Supernatants were harvested 5 days post transfection, filtrated, followed by affinity purification. Bi-ScFvs with 6-His tag were purified by Complete His-tag purification resin (Sigma-Aldrich). Bi-NAb and Tri-NAb with IgG1 Fc were purified by protein A affinity chromatography. Elutes were dialyzed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and concentrated using an Amicon Ultra 10 kDa molecular weight cut-off concentrator. Antibody purity was analyzed by SDS PAGE.

Protein Purification

BG505 SOSIP.664, an avi-tagged version of BG505 SOSIP.664_D368R, and RSC3 core were expressed in 293F cells, purified using a Galanthus nivalis (GN)-lectin column as previously described⁵⁷, followed by purifications with size-exclusive chromatography (SEC) with purity confirmed by Blue NativePage. The BirA 500 biotin ligase (AVIDITY AVITAG Technology) was utilized according to the manufacturer's protocol to biotinylate the C-terminal avi-tags of BG505 SOSIP.664_D368R and RSC3.

Ab Binding Affinity

Biolayer light interferometry (BLI) was performed using an Octet RED96 instrument (ForteBio; Pall Life Sciences). Bispecific binding was confirmed by first capturing biotin labeled RSC3 (ligand 1) at 10 μg/ml onto Streptavidin biosensors for 300 seconds. The biosensors were then submerged in binding buffer (PBS/0.2% TWEEN 20) for a wash for 60 seconds followed by immersion in a solution containing 250 nM of either the parental or Bi-NAb antibodies for 180 seconds and an immediate immersion in a solution containing 300 μg/ml of trimeric BG505 SOSIP.664_D368R (ligand 2) for 300 seconds.

Trispecific binding was confirmed by first capturing 10 μg/ml of biotin labeled RSC3 (ligand 1) onto Streptavidin biosensors for 300 seconds. The biosensors were then submerged in binding buffer for a wash of 60 seconds. Then, the biosensors were immersed in a solution containing 250 nM of either the parental or Bi-NAb antibodies for 180 seconds followed by an immediate immersion in a solution containing 300 μg/ml of trimeric BG505 SOSIP.664_D368R (ligand 2) for 300 seconds. Finally, the biosensors were immersed in a solution containing 50 μg/ml of MPER peptide fused to a rabbit Fc (MPER rFc) for 120 seconds. Baselines were established before and after the loading step. All assays were performed in 1× binding buffer.

HIV-1 Neutralization Assays

Ab neutralization assays were performed in a single round of infection using HIV-1 Env-pseudoviruses and TZM-bl target cells, as previously described^(58, 59). Neutralization curves were fitted by nonlinear regression using a five-parameter hill slope equation as previously described⁵⁸. The IC₅₀ or IC₈₀ titers of Abs were reported as the concentration of Ab required to inhibit infection by 50% and 80%, respectively. The IC₅₀ or IC₈₀ geometric mean (Geomean) indicating mAb neutralization potency was derived from IC₅₀ or IC₈₀ values against each individual tier 2 virus for each mAb. When IC₅₀ or IC₈₀ value is >50 μg/mL for certain viruses (no neutralization), a value of 50 μg/mL is designated for calculation. The number of viruses neutralized by mAb (IC₅₀ or IC₈₀<50 μg/mL) out of the total number of tested viruses was used to calculate the neutralization breadth. The virus panel for the neutralization profile covers the major genetic subtypes and circulating recombinant forms and consists almost entirely of primary isolate Envs⁴⁵.

Electron Microscopy Analysis

To confirm bivalent binding, Bi-ScFv/BG505 SOSIP.664 complexes were generated by incubating 6× molar ScFv with BG505 SOSIP.664 overnight at room temperature, followed by purification of complexes by SEC. To specifically confirm crosslinking of the HIV Env trimer, ScFv/BG505 SOSIP.664 complexes were generated by incubating 0.5× molar ScFv with BG505 SOSIP.664 overnight at room temperature, followed by purification of complexes by SEC. Complexes were then deposited on 400 mesh copper grids and stained with 2% uranyl formate. Negative stain EM images were taken on a 120 kv Tecnai Spirit microscope with a LAB6 filament. Raw micrographs were collected using Leginon⁶⁰ and deposited in Appion ⁶¹. DoG picker⁶² was performed to select particles in stain. Those particles were stacked and aligned using Iterative MSA/MRA⁶³. 2D classes representing the complex are shown in FIG. 12 and FIG. 13. Images were false colored using Photoshop.

Statistical Analysis

Comparisons of antibody neutralization performance was carried out with one-way ANOVA. Statistical evaluation of difference between two groups was performed via non-parametric t test for paired data, determined with Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test, with a two-tailed p value calculated for significance. Statistical significance was determined as *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001. All statistical analysis was performed with GraphPad Prism version 7.

Example 4. Structural Analysis of the Interactions of HIV-1 Env Trimer with bNAbs

For the first step towards generating multi-epitope targeting bNAbs, bispecific single-chain variable fragment (Bi-ScFv) were engineered. This construct consists of two bNAb variable fragments (Fv) connected by a flexible amino acid linker whose length was estimated following Env/bNAb structural information^(36, 37). bNAbs VRC01 (CD4bs-directed) ⁸ and PGT121 (V3-base glycan-directed)⁹, which neutralize approximately 90% and 70% of circulating viruses, respectively, were selected as a model system to determine if a Bi-ScFv could improve breadth and potency over the capacities of the individual bNAbs. To guide the design, a bNAb/Env complex structure⁴⁰ was used to assess the distance between the bNAbs Fvs and to determine ideal linker lengths⁴¹.

To determine the distances between the variable domains of VCR01 and PGT121, the PDB structure 5FYK⁴⁰ was used, which includes the HIV-1 clade B trimeric Env JR-FL SOSIP.664 bound to bNAbs VRC01 and PGT122. PGT122 is a somatic variant of PGT121 possessing nearly identical Env binding mode⁹ that serves as a surrogate for PGT121 in this study (FIG. 10A). Utilizing the distance tool under the structure analysis module in UCSF Chimera, the distances between the C/N-termini of VRC01 and PGT121 VH/VL moieties for all eight termini combinations were examined (Table 2, shown below).

Table 2 shows a summary of distances between the termini of PGT121 and VRC01 when bound to JR-FL SOSIP.664 trimer (inter-monomer and intra monomer) inspected by Chimera, based on antibody-trimer complex structure (PDB: 5FYK). PGT122 serves as a surrogate for PGT121.

TABLE 2 Distance Between PGT121-VRC01 termini Inter-Monomer Orientation VRC01 C- PGT121 N- VRC01 PGT121 terminus terminus Distance (Å) VH-VL VH-VL VAL 106.V CB GLN 1.H CB 60.663 VH-VL VL-VH VAL 106.V CB ALA 6.L CB 48.913 VL-VH VL-VH VAL 111.U CB ALA 6.L CB 37.171 VL-VH VH-VL VAL 111.U CB GLN 1.H CB 66.444 Orientation PGT121 C- VRC01 N- PGT121 VRC01 terminus terminus Distance (Å) VH-VL VH-VL VAL 106.L CB GLN 1.U CB 53.470 VH-VL VL-VH VAL 106.L CB VAL 3.V CB 63.459 VL-VH VL-VH SER 111.H CB VAL 3.V CB 96.431 VL-VH VH-VL SER 111.H CB GLN 1.U CB 77.125 Intra-Monomer Orientation VRC01 C- PGT121 N- VRC01 PGT121 terminus terminus Distance (Å) VH-VL VH-VL VAL 106.V CB GLN 1.H CB 106.920 VH-VL VL-VH VAL 106.V CB PRO 7.L CB 100.662 VL-VH VL-VH VAL 111.U CB ALA 6.L CB 73.361 VL-VH VH-VL VAL 111.U CB GLN 1.H CB 78.762 Orientation PGT121 C- VRC01 N- PGT121 VRC01 terminus terminus Distance (Å) VH-VL VH-VL VAL 106.L CB GLN 1.U CB 96.925 VH-VL VL-VH VAL 106.L CB VAL 3.V CB 94.519 VL-VH VL-VH SER 111.H CB VAL 3.V CB 93.620 VL-VH VH-VL SER 111.H CB GLN 1.U CB 94.350 Table 3, shown below, shows the topology of the bi-ScFv and Bi-nAb.

TABLE 3 Bi-ScFv Bi-nAb Topology VRC01→PGT121 PGT121→VRC01 VRC01→PGT121 PGT121→VRC01

It was found that in general the distance between these two antibody moieties on two separate but adjacent gp120 protomers (inter-protomer distance) is shorter than that within the same protomer (intra-protomer distance) (FIG. 10A and Table 2). While the maximum intra-protomer distance between PGT121 and VRC01 termini is approximately 100 Å, the minimum inter-protomer distance is 37.171 Å (VRC01 VH_(C-term) to PGT121 VL_(N-term)) and 53.470 Å (PGT121 VL_(C-term) to VRC01 VH_(N-term)), respectively (FIG. 10B and Table 2). The relatively short VRC01 and PGT121 VH/VL N/C termini inter-protomer distance implies the potential to connect their antibody functional moieties by tandem GGGGS (G₄S) linkers without unfavorable steric clash and supports the premise of inter-protomer VRC01/PGT121 Bi-ScFvs to target HIV-1 Env trimer.

Example 5. Design and Expression of Bispecific Antibodies

With the rationale stated herein above, the VRC01/PGT121 inter-protomer binding mode was selected (FIG. 10B) and the most favorable molecular topology, including VRC01_(VL-VH)→PGT121_(VL-VH) and PGT121_(VH-VL)→VRC01_(VH-VL) respectively, to construct Bi-ScFvs (FIG. 10B). First, to derive the individual scFvs, three tandem G4S linkers were used (designated as 3× linker)^(42, 43), with each linker estimated to be briefly 18 Å in length, to connect the cognate VH/VL domains within VRC01 and PGT121, respectively (FIG. 10C). 3-5 G4S linkers, namely 3-5× linkers, were then used to connect the individual VRC01 and PGT121 scFvs to form the Bi-ScFv molecule (FIG. 10C). Here, 3-5 G₄S linkers were empirically used to optimize the linkage between individual ScFvs to avoid potential steric hindrance imposed by elements of the HIV-1 Env functional spike. Hence, the nomenclatures of these Bi-ScFv constructs, shown in FIG. 10C included: 1) the molecular topology of the whole Bi-ScFv (e.g., VRC01 ScFv at the N-terminus), and 2) the linker length between each ScFv (e.g. 3 tandem G₄S linker). For instance, Bi-ScFv_(VRC01-5X-PGT121) represents a Bi-ScFv with VRC01_(VL-VH)→(G₄S)₅ linkers→PGT121_(VL-VH) topology, while Bi-ScFv_(PGT121-5X-VRC01) ScFv denotes a Bi-ScFv with PGT121_(VH-VL)→(G₄S)₅ linkers→VRC01_(VH-VL) topology (FIG. 10C).

In a previous study, a truncation of the first two amino acid residues E1 and I2 (ΔE1I2) and a V3S mutation at the N-terminus of VRC01 VL increased potency of HIV neutralization⁴⁴ by eliminating a steric clash between the VRC01 VL N-terminus and the V5 region of HIV-1 Env. Therefore, such modifications were incorporated into the VRC01 VL moiety of the Bi-ScFv _(VRC01-5X-PGT121), denoted as Bi-ScFv _(dVRC01-5X-PGT121) (FIG. 10C). These ScFvs were also fused to the IgG1 Fc via a glycine-serine-glycine linker to support effector functions³⁹, thus forming Bi-NAbs (FIG. 10C and FIG. 10D).

Ten bispecific antibodies of the PGT121/VRC01 Bi-ScFvs and Bi-NAbs iterations in a total were expressed in 293F cells and purified by affinity chromatography. All the antibodies expressed well and ran as a homogeneous species at the expected molecular weight on an SDS-PAGE gel (FIG. 11A) and size exclusion chromatography (SEC), with negligible aggregation forms (FIG. 11B).

Example 6. Binding Properties of Bispecific Antibodies

Bio-Layer Interferometry (BLI) was employed to validate the simultaneous Env trimer engagement of the two arms of the Bi-ScFvs. Env ligands including RSC3 core were used, which selectively displays the CD4bs (VRC01) epitope but not the PGT121 epitope, and the BG505 SOSIP.664_D368R mutant that exclusively exhibits the PGT121 epitope (FIG. 12A). In this assay, biotinylated RSC3 was first loaded as the initial ligand (ligand 1), then the parental or bispecific antibodies, followed by the second ligand BG505 SOSIP.664_D368R (ligand 2) (FIG. 12A), and the antibody binding signals to each of the Env ligands was assessed. As expected, it was found that only antibodies containing the VRC01 moiety including Bi-ScFv_(dVRC01-5X-PGT121) and Bi-NAb_(dVRC01-5X-PGT121) as well as VRC01 Fab and IgG, were able to bind CD4bs ligand, RSC3 (Ligand 1) initially (FIG. 12B). Similarly, bispecific antibodies containing the PGT121 moiety bound the CD4bs knockout trimer (VRC01-KO), BG505 SOSIP.664_D368R, which exclusively presents the PGT121 epitope, while the VRC01 Fab or IgG displayed no binding signal (FIG. 12B). These data confirm that bispecific antibodies including Bi-ScFv_(dVRC01-5X-PGT121) and Bi-NAb _(dVRC01-5X-PGT121) can simultaneously bind both the VRC01 and the PGT121 epitopes, demonstrating that both arms of the bispecific antibody are functional.

As shown in FIG. 10, the bispecific antibodies were designed to cross-link adjacent protomers within the same HIV-1 Env trimer by connecting the CD4bs of one Env protomer (protomer 1) with the glycan patch at the V3 base of the adjacent protomer (protomer 2). To further investigate the bivalency of Bi-ScFv_(dVRC01-5X-PGT121), negative stain electron microscopy (EM) analysis of the Bi-ScFv_(dVRC01-5X-PGT121) and Env trimer BG505 SOSIP.664 complex was performed (FIG. 12C, FIG. 13A and FIG. 13B). The Bi-ScFv_(dVRC01-5X-PGT121) was incubated with the BG505 SOSIP.664 Env trimer at a 1:2 (or 0.5:1) ratio so that each Env trimer would be occupied by a single Bi-ScFv_(dVRC01-5X-PGT121) molecule, in a way that enabled the inter-protomer vs. intra-protomer binding modes depicted in FIG. 10A to be distinguished. As expected, both unbound Env trimer (FIG. 12C, left panel) and Env trimer bound with single Bi-ScFv_(dVRC01-5X-PGT121) were visualized (FIG. 12C, second from left and middle panel), given the sub-saturation ratio between the Bi-ScFv and Env trimer. Importantly, it was found that each Env protomer was only decorated with one of the Bi-ScFv moieties (FIG. 12C, second from left and middle panel), while two adjacent Env protomers were simultaneously decorated by two Bi-ScFv moieties (FIG. 12C, second from left and middle panel). The data corroborated the bivalent nature of the binding event between the Bi-ScFv and Env trimer, as predicted by design. The Bi-ScFv crosslinked both the VRC01 (in purple, FIG. 12C, middle panel) and PGT121 (in green, FIG. 12C, middle panel) epitopes in an inter-protomer mode. When the molar ratio of Bi-ScFv_(dVRC01-5X-PGT121) to BG505 SOSIP.664 trimer was increased to 6:1 to form Bi-ScFv/Env complex, it was observed that all the protomers of Env trimer were fully occupied with Bi-ScFv moieties and each Env trimer bound three Bi-ScFvs (FIG. 12C, second from right and right panel). This observation is consistent with the inter-protomer crosslinking binding mode and suggests that three molecules of Bi-ScFv_(dVRC01-5X-PGT121) can fully occupy the total 6 cognate epitopes on each HIV-1 Env trimer.

Example 7. Bispecific Antibodies Display Expanded Virus Neutralization Breadth Compared to Parental bNAbs

To initially assess the virus neutralization capacity of the bispecific antibodies in comparison to their parental bNAbs, VRC01 and PGT121, a small HIV-1 virus panel (N=20) containing Envs of viruses from diverse clades was selected to perform virus neutralization assay (FIG. 14A). This panel included Envs of viruses that were: 1) sensitive to both (dual sensitive) bNAbs (N=6); or 2) resistant to both (dual resistant) bNAbs (N=1); or 3) sensitive to one but resistant to the other parental antibody (N=13) (FIG. 14). It is notable that 70% of the selected viruses (N=14) were resistant to at least one of the parental bNAbs, which represented a high bar for the evaluation of neutralization capacity.

Using IC₅₀ titers (the concentration of antibody at which 50% of virus entry is inhibited) with a cut-off value set at 50 μg/ml, the neutralization capacity of bispecific antibodies was assessed with this initial virus panel. It was found that all the bispecific antibodies displayed substantially improved neutralization breadth, ranging from 80-90% virus coverage, compared to 60-65% virus coverage of their parental bNAbs (FIG. 15A, FIG. 14A and FIG. 14B). Interestingly, it was observed that the bispecific antibodies with the topology of VRC01_(VL-VH)→PGT121_(VL-VH) displayed 90% neutralization breadth, which was better than that with the PGT121_(VH-VL)→VRC01_(VH-VL) topology (80-85%) (FIG. 15A). It was also noted that the five-tandem G₄S linker length (5×) was slightly better than the shorter variants (4× and 3×) (FIG. 15A, FIG. 14A and FIG. 14B). Finally, the bispecific antibodies, Bi-ScFv_(dVRC01-5X-PGT121) and Bi-NAb_(dVRC01-5X-PGT121) with the optimal VRC01_(VL-VH)→PGT121_(VL-VH) topology, the 5× G₄S linker and the N-terminus VRC01 VL modifications ΔE1I2/V3S (FIG. 1) displayed the best neutralization breadth (90% virus coverage) (FIG. 15A, FIG. 14A and FIG. 14B).

Subsequently, the top bispecific antibodies, Bi-SCFv_(dVRC01-5x-PGT121) and Bi-NAb_(dVRC01-5x-PGT121), were tested against a more comprehensive panel of viruses covering the major genetic subtypes and circulating recombinant forms, and containing almost entirely of primary isolate Envs⁴⁵. In this 208 virus panel, the Bi-SCFv_(dVRC01-5x-PGT121) and Bi-NAb_(dVRC01-5x-PGT121) displayed improved coverage with 94.7% and 95.1% of viruses neutralized, respectively, over the parental antibodies (VRC01=90.4%, and PGT121=64%) (FIG. 15B and FIG. 15C) and with a potency (IC50 geometric mean) comparable to VRC01 (FIG. 15B and FIG. 15C). Interestingly, both Bi-SCFv_(dVRC01-5x-PGT121) and Bi-NAb_(dVRC01-5x-PGT121) were able to neutralize three primary isolates with dual resistance to parental bNAbs (FIG. 15C, right panel, right panel), suggesting a cooperative effect exerted likely by the inter-protomer crosslinking of two distinct epitopes within the HIV-1 Env trimer.

Example 8. Generation and Validation of a Trispecific Antibody

Previous studies indicated that the HIV-1 gp41 MPER-specific bNAb, 10E8, when combined with gp120-specific bNAbs including the CD4bs bNAb VRC01, displayed an additive, and potentially small synergistic/cooperative effect on neutralization⁴⁶. Here, the MPER-specific 10E8 functional moiety was combined with the top lead bispecific antibodies to improve neutralization breadth and potency further. Knob-into-hole technology³² was used to generate a heterodimeric Tri-NAb consisting of 10E8 and Bi-NAb_(dVRC01-5x-PGT121) moieties (FIG. 16A). The 10E8 was placed on one antibody arm with the Fc containing the “knob” mutation, and the Bi-ScFv_(dVRC01-5x-PGT121) was fused to the IgG1 Fc containing the “hole” mutation on the other arm. To express the Tri-NAb, 293F cells were co-transfected with the plasmid DNA encoding the heavy and light chain genes of 10E8 and the Bi-NAb_(dVRC01-5x-PGT121). The Tri-NAb was then purified via a protein A column and assessed its homogeneity by SDS-PAGE (FIG. 16B).

BLI was used to assess the triple specificity of the Tri-NAb, with ligands presenting the epitopes of VRC01, PGT121, and 10E8 (FIG. 16C and FIG. 16D), respectively. In a BLI OctetRED96 system, the ligands and antibodies were loaded to the biosensor surface sequentially in the following order: 1) biotinylated RSC3 as the initial ligand (ligand 1) to present VRC01 epitope; 2) the parental bNAbs or Tri-NAb; 3) the second ligand, trimeric BG505.SOSIP.664 D368R with CD4bs/VRC01 epitope knockout to present PGT121 epitope (ligand 2); and finally 4) the third ligand (ligand 3), an MPER peptide fused to a rabbit Fc (MPER rFc) (FIG. 16C and FIG. 16D) to present the 10E8 epitope (FIG. 16D). As expected, it was found that Tri-NAb displayed binding signals for all of the three ligands, while the parental bNAbs only showed binding to ligand 1 with CD4bs epitope (e.g., VRC01) or no binding to any ligands (e.g., PGT121 and 10E8) due to the lack of initial CD4bs ligand 1 engagement in this sequential binding assay. This data confirmed that the Tri-NAb containing the moieties of three bNAbs (VRC01, PGT121, and 10E8) is capable of recognizing all of the three cognate bNAb epitopes on HIV-1 Env molecule.

Example 9. Trispecific Antibody Displays Exceptional Neutralization Capacity

Next, the neutralization capacity of the Tri-NAb against the comprehensive virus panel consisting of Envs of 208 HIV strains⁴⁵ was assessed. The Tri-NAb's neutralization capacity (indicated by IC₅₀ titers) was extraordinary as it neutralized all but one virus (99.5%) of the panel, with improved neutralization breadth compared to the parental bNAbs and the Bi-NAb_(dVRC01-5x-PGT121) (FIG. 17A). Additionally, the Tri-NAb neutralization potency was superior to that of the individual parental bNAbs or the Bi-NAb (FIG. 17B, ****p<0.0001, Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test), with an exceptional IC₅₀ geometric mean of 0.069 μg/mL, which is at least four-fold lower than that of the VRC01, 10E8, and Bi-NAb_(dVRC01-5x-PGT121) antibodies (FIG. 17-FIG. 17D, FIG. 18). The IC₈₀ titers of the Tri-NAb corroborated its surpassing neutralization potency over both the parental bNAbs and the Bi-NAb_(dVRC01-5x-PGT121) (FIG. 16E, ****p<0.0001, Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test), neutralizing 98% of all strains with an IC₈₀ geometric mean of 0.298 μg/mL (FIG. 16E, FIG. 19).

Likely, the gain in neutralization breadth exhibited by the Tri-NAb is attributed to the addition of 10E8 moiety to the Bi-NAb_(dVRC01-5x-PGT121) agent (FIG. 17C). In this regard, several PGT121/VRC01 dual resistant strains that are sensitive to 10E8 are also sensitive to Tri-NAb neutralization (FIG. 17C). The only virus strain that showed resistance to the Tri-NAb, 6471.V1.C16, is also highly resistant to both PGT121 and VRC01, and is only moderately sensitive to 10E8 (IC₅₀=4.98 μg/mL) (FIG. 18). A bivalent 10E8 moiety such as that found in an IgG molecule may be required for neutralizing viruses moderately sensitive to 10E8, which is absent in the trispecific antibody (FIG. 18).

To evaluate the impact that each antibody contributed to the Tri-NAb neutralization potency, viruses were grouped by their sensitivities to the parental antibodies and assessed the change in potency of neutralization of the multispecific NAbs from that of the parental antibodies (FIG. 17E). Bi-ScFv and Bi-NAb exhibited a 2.1-fold and 1.9-fold increase in neutralization activity compared to VRC01 when measuring activity against VRC01/PGT121 dual sensitive viruses (N=125) accounting for 60% of the 208 tested viruses. With viruses resistant to VRC01 or/and PGT121 (N=73, 40% of the tested viruses), the overall potency of the Bi-ScFv and Bi-NAb decreased compared to the parental bNAbs. When incorporating all viruses in the analysis, the potency of the bispecific antibodies was 1.4- and 1.3-fold greater compared to that of VRC01, respectively (FIG. 17E, upper panel).

Of note, the Tri-NAb neutralized viruses sensitive to two antibody moieties (N=194 or 93% of tested viruses) with a greater potency than that of the parental antibodies (FIG. 17E, lower panel). However, when the viruses were only sensitive to one of the Tri-NAb's moieties (dual resistant, N=14 or 6.7% of tested viruses), the potency was lower than that of the parental antibody (FIG. 17E, lower panel). The Tri-NAb displayed an overall improved potency over VRC01 and 10E8 (4.5-fold and 6.2-fold greater, respectively) for all viruses of the panel (FIG. 17E, lower panel). Therefore, the superior neutralization capacity of Tri-NAb over Bi-NAb and individual parental antibodies is profoundly associated with the Env binding avidity (targeting at least two epitopes) in the face of neutralization resistance.

DISCUSSION

Despite the improved breadth and potency displayed by bNAbs recently isolated, bNAb combinations will likely be necessary to cope with the extensive HIV Env diversity present in circulating virus strains. Recently some Bi-NAbs have been developed that combine receptor- or coreceptor-targeting antibodies or domains such as the anti CD4 receptor Fab ibalizumab (iMab)^(47, 48), the anti CCR5 coreceptor Fab PRO140 (P140)⁴⁹, or the eCD4Ig containing a fusion protein of human CD4 ectodomain and a CCR5-mimetic sulfopeptide⁵⁰. Although these antibody molecules can exhibit broad and potent HIV neutralization, they are different from the Bi- and Tri-NAb molecules described here, in that they target host receptors or use host receptor derivative, whereas the Bi- and Tri-NAb target only viral Env elements. A number of in vitro studies demonstrated that anti-HIV Env bNAb combinations yield superior neutralization results^(45, 46). This is likely due to the cooperative effect when two bNAbs targeting independent epitopes on the Env trimer are combined. Therefore, combining three or four bNAbs with different epitope specificities may be of significant therapeutic value^(46, 51). Empirical combinations of bNAbs can achieve enhanced potency and breadth over parental bNAbs alone^(31, 34, 35) and it has been suggested that some may be capable of crosslinking the Env trimer^(31, 34). Specifically, one study utilized DNA-linkers as “molecular rulers” to construct molecules capable of intra-spike crosslinking with the ultimate goal of enhancing the potency of bNAbs³¹ by gain of avidity.

In this study, structure-based antibody rational design was utilized to optimize the multi-epitope engagement of the HIV Env trimer with Bi-ScFvs antibodies. Both the dual engagement of Env epitopes and the enhanced neutralization capacity of the Bi-ScFvs was validated. Furthermore, the experiments described herein confirm that the Bi-NAb engages the CD4bs and the V3 base glycan epitopes through an inter-protomer linkage rather within one Env trimer following the structure-based design (FIG. 10 and FIG. 11, Table 2).

Neutralization analyses of the Bi-NAbs using a panel of viruses with differential resistance profiles illustrated that those possessing both the VRC01 VL at the N-terminus of the bispecific antibody as well as the VRC01 VL N-terminal mutations (ΔE1I2/V3S) had improved neutralization breadth (FIG. 15A, FIG. 14A and FIG. 14B). Conversely, it was observed that Bi-NAbs with PGT121 at the N-terminus had improved potency but reduced neutralization breadth, suggesting that this molecular configuration may present unfavorable steric constraints. Furthermore, it was observed that molecules with shorter linker lengths of 4× or 3× displayed lower neutralization breadth and potency than those with longer (5×) linkers (FIG. 15A-FIG. 15C), suggesting that longer linkers may enable the bispecific antibodies to orchestrate individual functional moieties for simultaneously engaging both cognate epitopes.

The Bi-NAb and MPER-specific bNAb 10E8 were combined to form a Tri-NAb with profoundly improved neutralization breadth (FIG. 17A-FIG. 17C, FIG. 16E, FIG. 18 and FIG. 19). This gain of breadth most likely attributed to the addition of the 10E8 moiety, as PGT121/VRC01 dual resistant viral strains that are sensitive to 10E8 were sensitive to Tri-NAb neutralization (FIG. 17C). Consistently, the potency of the Tri-NAb (IC₅₀ geomean of 0.069 μg/ml, IC₈₀ geometric mean of 0.298 μg/mL) increased in comparison with the Bi-NAb (FIG. 17A) and the parental antibodies (FIG. 17A-FIG. 17C, FIG. 17E, FIG. 18). FIG. 20 is a schematic that shows two arrangements for 4 specific antibody binding sites to be accomodated in one antibody. As shown in FIG. 20, the tetra-NAbl has the configuration of 10E8-5X-35O22/dVRC01-5X-PGT121 and tetra-NAb2 has the configuration of 35O22-5X-10E8/dVRC01-5X-PGT121.

Both Bi- and Tri-NAb outperformed their parental mAbs in neutralization potency when tested with viral isolates that were sensitive to all of the individual bNAbs (FIG. 17E); most likely due to the cooperative effect resulted from simultaneous engagement of multiple epitopes within the same Env trimer. Consistently, the Tri-NAb neutralizes these sensitive viruses more potently than the Bi-NAb (FIG. 17E). The cooperative effect remains for the Tri-NAb when tested with viruses resistant to only one antibody (single-resistance) (FIG. 17E), while this cooperative effect is lost for the Bi-NAb (FIG. 17E). When dual neutralization-resistant viruses were tested, the Tri-NAb showed steady neutralization with slightly lower potency compared to the parental mAbs (FIG. 17E), while the Bi-NAb only occasionally neutralized the viruses with moderate potency (FIG. 17E). The profound improvement of neutralization of the Tri-NAb over Bi-NAb against both sensitive and single-resistant viruses, which represent the majority of the global circulating viruses strongly, highlights the premise of engineering multi-epitope (more than 2 epitopes) targeting antibodies. It can be anticipated that the incorporation of additional bNAb functional moieties to the Tri-NAb will improve its neutralization capacity even further.

The experiments described herein demonstrate the successful combination of three HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibody specificities into one single trispecific antibody by structure-based rational design. The triple-specificity antibody demonstrated exceptional HIV viral coverage (99.5%) in neutralization assays of a 208 virus panel with remarkable potency (IC50 titer geometric mean below 0.1 μg/ml). With these unprecedented neutralization capacities, the Tri-NAb represents an attractive candidate of the next generation of HIV-1 preventive and therapeutic antibody-based agents. Recently, novel potent antibodies of different specificities have been isolated and modified, which exhibit outstanding neutralization capacities^(52, 53, 54). Furthermore, various Fc mutations, especially the “LS” mutations (M428L/N434S) conferring enhanced affinity for neonatal Fc receptor that improves the in vivo half-life and biodistribution of antibody molecules could be incorporated into the multispecific antibody context to potentially improve the utility of passive immunization^(44, 55, 56). Coordinating combinations of additional antibody entities into multi-NAb designs will become more feasible, and may further the development of strategies for HIV-1 infection prevention, remission, and possible eradication in the future.

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SEQUENCE TABLE SEQ ID NO Description Sequence 1 VRC01 (VL-3x- EIVLTQSPGTLSLSPGETAIISCRTSQYGSLAWYQQRPGQAPRLVIYS VH)-(5X)-PGT121 GSTRAAGIPDRFSGSRWGPDYNLTISNLESGDFGVYYCQQYEFFGQGT (VL-3x-VH) ScEv KVQVDIKGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQVQLVQSGGQMKKPGESMRISCRASG amino acid YEFIDCTLNWIRLAPGKRPEWMGWLKPRGGAVNYARPLQGRVTMTRDV sequence YSDTAFLELRSLTVDDTAVYFCTRGKNCDYNWDFEHWGRGTPVIVSSG GGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSSDISVAPGETARISCGEKSLGSRA VQWYQHRAGQAPSLIIYNNQDRPSGIPERFSGSPDSPFGTTATLTITS VEAGDEADYYCHIWDSRVPTKWVFGGGTTLTVLGGGGSGGGGSGGGGS QMQLQESGPGLVKPSETLSLTCSVSGASISDSYWSWIRRSPGKGLEWI GYVHKSGDTNYSPSLKSRVNLSLDTSKNQVSLSLVAATAADSGKYYCA RTLHGRRIYGIVAFNEWFTYFYMDVWGNGTQVTVSSGSGHHHHHH 2 VRC01 variable EIVLTQSPGTLSLSPGETAIISCRTSQYGSLAWYQQRPGQAPRLVIYS light (VL) chain GSTRAAGIPDRFSGSRWGPDYNLTISNLESGDFGVYYCQQYEFFGQGT amino acid KVQVDIK sequence 3 VL-CDR1 RTSQYGSLA 4 VL-CDR2 SGSTRAA 5 VL-CDR3 QQYEF 6 VRC01 variable QVQLVQSGGQMKKPGESMRISCRASGYEFIDCTLNWIRLAPGKRPEWM heavy (VH) chain GWLKPRGGAVNYARPLQGRVTMTRDVYSDTAFLELRSLTVDDTAVYFC amino acid TRGKNCDYNWDFEHWGRGTPVIVSS sequence 7 VH-CDR1 DCTLN 8 VH-CDR2 WLKPRGGAVNYARPLQG 9 VH-CDR3 GKNCDYNWDFEH 10 PGT121 variable SDISVAPGETARISCGEKSLGSRAVQWYQHRAGQAPSLIIYNNQDRPS light (VL) chain GIPERFSGSPDSPFGTTATLTITSVEAGDEADYYCHIWDSRVPTKWVF amino acid GGGTTLTVL sequence 11 VL-CDR1 GEKSLGSRAVQ 12 VL-CDR2 NNQDRPS 13 VL-CDR3 HIWDSRVPTKWV 14 PGT121 variable QMQLQESGPGLVKPSETLSLTCSVSGASISDSYWSWIRRSPGKGLEWI heavy (VH) chain GYVHKSGDTNYSPSLKSRVNLSLDTSKNQVSLSLVAATAADSGKYYCA amino acid RTLHGRRIYGIVAFNEWFTYFYMDVWGNGTQVTVSS sequence 15 VH-CDR1 DSYWS 16 VH-CDR2 YVHKSGDTNYSPSLKS 17 VH-CDR3 TLHGRRIYGIVAFNEWFTYFYMDV 18 dVRC01 (VL(Δ1,2- SLTQSPGTLSLSPGETAIISCRTSQYGSLAWYQQRPGQAPRLVIYSGS V3S)-3x-VH)- TRAAGIPDRFSGSRWGPDYNLTISNLESGDFGVYYCQQYEFFGQGTKV (5X)-PGT121 (VL- QVDIKGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQVQLVQSGGQMKKPGESMRISCRASGYE 3x-VH) ScEv FIDCTLNWIRLAPGKRPEWMGWLKPRGGAVNYARPLQGRVTMTRDVYS amino acid DTAFLELRSLTVDDTAVYFCTRGKNCDYNWDFEHWGRGTPVIVSSGGG sequence GSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSSDISVAPGETARISCGEKSLGSRAVQ WYQHRAGQAPSLIIYNNQDRPSGIPERFSGSPDSPFGTTATLTITSVE AGDEADYYCHIWDSRVPTKWVFGGGTTLTVLGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQM QLQESGPGLVKPSETLSLTCSVSGASISDSYWSWIRRSPGKGLEWIGY VHKSGDTNYSPSLKSRVNLSLDTSKNQVSLSLVAATAADSGKYYCART LHGRRIYGIVAFNEWFTYFYMDVWGNGTQVTVSSGSGHHHHHH 19 dVRC01 variable SLTQSPGTLSLSPGETAIISCRTSQYGSLAWYQQRPGQAPRLVIYSGS light (VL) chain TRAAGIPDRFSGSRWGPDYNLTISNLESGDFGVYYCQQYEFFGQGTKV amino acid QVDIK sequence 20 PGT121 (VH-3x- QMQLQESGPGLVKPSETLSLTCSVSGASISDSYWSWIRRSPGKGLEWI VL)-(5X)-VRC01 GYVHKSGDTNYSPSLKSRVNLSLDTSKNQVSLSLVAATAADSGKYYCA (VH-3x-VL) ScEv RTLHGRRIYGIVAFNEWFTYFYMDVWGNGTQVTVSSGGGGSGGGGSGG amino acid GGSSDISVAPGETARISCGEKSLGSRAVQWYQHRAGQAPSLIIYNNQD sequence RPSGIPERFSGSPDSPFGTTATLTITSVEAGDEADYYCHIWDSRVPTK WVFGGGTTLTVLGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQVQLVQSGGQM KKPGESMRISCRASGYEFIDCTLNWIRLAPGKRPEWMGWLKPRGGAYN YARPLQGRVTMTRDVYSDTAFLELRSLTVDDTAVYFCTRGKNCDYNWD FEHWGRGTPVIVSSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSEIVLTQSPGTLSLSPGETA IISCRTSQYGSLAWYQQRPGQAPRLVIYSGSTRAAGIPDRFSGSRWGP DYNLTISNLESGDFGVYYCQQYEFFGQGTKVQVDIKGSGHHHHHH 21 PGT121 (VH-3x- QMQLQESGPGLVKPSETLSLTCSVSGASISDSYWSWIRRSPGKGLEWI VL)-(4X)-VRC01 GYVHKSGDTNYSPSLKSRVNLSLDTSKNQVSLSLVAATAADSGKYYCA (VH-3x-VL) ScEv RTLHGRRIYGIVAFNEWFTYFYMDVWGNGTQVTVSSGGGGSGGGGSGG amino acid GGSSDISVAPGETARISCGEKSLGSRAVQWYQHRAGQAPSLIIYNNQD sequence RPSGIPERFSGSPDSPFGTTATLTITSVEAGDEADYYCHIWDSRVPTK WVFGGGTTLTVLGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQVQLVQSGGQMKKPGE SMRISCRASGYEFIDCTLNWIRLAPGKRPEWMGWLKPRGGAVNYARPL QGRVTMTRDVYSDTAFLELRSLTVDDTAVYFCTRGKNCDYNWDFEHWG RGTPVIVSSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSEIVLTQSPGTLSLSPGETAIISCR TSQYGSLAWYQQRPGQAPRLVIYSGSTRAAGIPDRFSGSRWGPDYNLT ISNLESGDFGVYYCQQYEFFGQGTKVQVDIKGSGHHHHHH 22 PGT121 (VH-3x- QMQLQESGPGLVKPSETLSLTCSVSGASISDSYWSWIRRSPGKGLEWI VL)-(3X)-VRC01 GYVHKSGDTNYSPSLKSRVNLSLDTSKNQVSLSLVAATAADSGKYYCA (VH-3x-VL) ScEv RTLHGRRIYGIVAFNEWFTYFYMDVWGNGTQVTVSSGGGGSGGGGSGG amino acid GGSSDISVAPGETARISCGEKSLGSRAVQWYQHRAGQAPSLIIYNNQD sequence RPSGIPERFSGSPDSPFGTTATLTITSVEAGDEADYYCHIWDSRVPTK WVFGGGTTLTVLGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQVQLVQSGGQMKKPGESMRIS CRASGYEFIDCTLNWIRLAPGKRPEWMGWLKPRGGAVNYARPLQGRVT MTRDVYSDTAFLELRSLTVDDTAVYFCTRGKNCDYNWDFEHWGRGTPV IVSSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSEIVLTQSPGTLSLSPGETAIISCRTSQYG SLAWYQQRPGQAPRLVIYSGSTRAAGIPDRFSGSRWGPDYNLTISNLE SGDFGVYYCQQYEFFGQGTKVQVDIKGSGHHHHHH 23 VRC01 (VL-3x- EIVLTQSPGTLSLSPGETAIISCRTSQYGSLAWYQQRPGQAPRLVIYS VH)-(5X)-PGT121 GSTRAAGIPDRFSGSRWGPDYNLTISNLESGDFGVYYCQQYEFFGQGT (VL-3x-VH) IgG1 KVQVDIKGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQVQLVQSGGQMKKPGESMRISCRASG amino acid YEFIDCTLNWIRLAPGKRPEWMGWLKPRGGAVNYARPLQGRVTMTRDV sequence YSDTAFLELRSLTVDDTAVYFCTRGKNCDYNWDFEHWGRGTPVIVSSG GGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSSDISVAPGETARISCGEKSLGSRA VQWYQHRAGQAPSLIIYNNQDRPSGIPERFSGSPDSPFGTTATLTITS VEAGDEADYYCHIWDSRVPTKWVFGGGTTLTVLGGGGSGGGGSGGGGS QMQLQESGPGLVKPSETLSLTCSVSGASISDSYWSWIRRSPGKGLEWI GYVHKSGDTNYSPSLKSRVNLSLDTSKNQVSLSLVAATAADSGKYYCA RTLHGRRIYGIVAFNEWFTYFYMDVWGNGTQVTVSSGSGPKSCDKTHT CPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEV KFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKC KVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLV KGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRW QQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGK 24 dVRC01 (VL(Δ1,2- SLTQSPGTLSLSPGETAIISCRTSQYGSLAWYQQRPGQAPRLVIYSGS V3S)-3x-VH)- TRAAGIPDRFSGSRWGPDYNLTISNLESGDFGVYYCQQYEFFGQGTKV (5X)-PGT121 (VL- QVDIKGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQVQLVQSGGQMKKPGESMRISCRASGYE 3x-VH) IgG1 FIDCTLNWIRLAPGKRPEWMGWLKPRGGAVNYARPLQGRVTMTRDVYS amino acid DTAFLELRSLTVDDTAVYFCTRGKNCDYNWDFEHWGRGTPVIVSSGGG sequence GSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSSDISVAPGETARISCGEKSLGSRAVQ WYQHRAGQAPSLIIYNNQDRPSGIPERFSGSPDSPFGTTATLTITSVE AGDEADYYCHIWDSRVPTKWVFGGGTTLTVLGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQM QLQESGPGLVKPSETLSLTCSVSGASISDSYWSWIRRSPGKGLEWIGY VHKSGDTNYSPSLKSRVNLSLDTSKNQVSLSLVAATAADSGKYYCART LHGRRIYGIVAFNEWFTYFYMDVWGNGTQVTVSSGSGPKSCDKTHTCP PCPAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKF NWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKV SNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLVKG FYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQ GNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGK 25 PGT121 (VH-3x- QMQLQESGPGLVKPSETLSLTCSVSGASISDSYWSWIRRSPGKGLEWI VL)-(5X)-VRC01 GYVHKSGDTNYSPSLKSRVNLSLDTSKNQVSLSLVAATAADSGKYYCA (VH-3x-VL) IgG1 RTLHGRRIYGIVAFNEWFTYFYMDVWGNGTQVTVSSGGGGSGGGGSGG amino acid GGSSDISVAPGETARISCGEKSLGSRAVQWYQHRAGQAPSLIIYNNQD sequence RPSGIPERFSGSPDSPFGTTATLTITSVEAGDEADYYCHIWDSRVPTK WVFGGGTTLTVLGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQVQLVQSGGQM KKPGESMRISCRASGYEFIDCTLNWIRLAPGKRPEWMGWLKPRGGAYN YARPLQGRVTMTRDVYSDTAFLELRSLTVDDTAVYFCTRGKNCDYNWD FEHWGRGTPVIVSSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSEIVLTQSPGTLSLSPGETA IISCRTSQYGSLAWYQQRPGQAPRLVIYSGSTRAAGIPDRFSGSRWGP DYNLTISNLESGDFGVYYCQQYEFFGQGTKVQVDIKGSGPKSCDKTHT CPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEV KFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKC KVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLV KGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRW QQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGK 26 PGT121 (VH-3x- QMQLQESGPGLVKPSETLSLTCSVSGASISDSYWSWIRRSPGKGLEWI VL)-(4X)-VRC01 GYVHKSGDTNYSPSLKSRVNLSLDTSKNQVSLSLVAATAADSGKYYCA (VH-3x-VL) IgG1 RTLHGRRIYGIVAFNEWFTYFYMDVWGNGTQVTVSSGGGGSGGGGSGG amino acid GGSSDISVAPGETARISCGEKSLGSRAVQWYQHRAGQAPSLIIYNNQD sequence RPSGIPERFSGSPDSPFGTTATLTITSVEAGDEADYYCHIWDSRVPTK WVFGGGTTLTVLGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQVQLVQSGGQMKKPGE SMRISCRASGYEFIDCTLNWIRLAPGKRPEWMGWLKPRGGAVNYARPL QGRVTMTRDVYSDTAFLELRSLTVDDTAVYFCTRGKNCDYNWDFEHWG RGTPVIVSSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSEIVLTQSPGTLSLSPGETAIISCR TSQYGSLAWYQQRPGQAPRLVIYSGSTRAAGIPDRFSGSRWGPDYNLT ISNLESGDFGVYYCQQYEFFGQGTKVQVDIKGSGPKSCDKTHTCPPCP APELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWY VDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNK ALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYP SDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNV FSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGK 27 PGT121 (VH-3x- QMQLQESGPGLVKPSETLSLTCSVSGASISDSYWSWIRRSPGKGLEWI VL)-(3X)-VRC01 GYVHKSGDTNYSPSLKSRVNLSLDTSKNQVSLSLVAATAADSGKYYCA (VH-3x-VL) IgG1 RTLHGRRIYGIVAFNEWFTYFYMDVWGNGTQVTVSSGGGGSGGGGSGG amino acid GGSSDISVAPGETARISCGEKSLGSRAVQWYQHRAGQAPSLIIYNNQD sequence RPSGIPERFSGSPDSPFGTTATLTITSVEAGDEADYYCHIWDSRVPTK WVFGGGTTLTVLGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQVQLVQSGGQMKKPGESMRIS CRASGYEFIDCTLNWIRLAPGKRPEWMGWLKPRGGAVNYARPLQGRVT MTRDVYSDTAFLELRSLTVDDTAVYFCTRGKNCDYNWDFEHWGRGTPV IVSSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSEIVLTQSPGTLSLSPGETAIISCRTSQYG SLAWYQQRPGQAPRLVIYSGSTRAAGIPDRFSGSRWGPDYNLTISNLE SGDFGVYYCQQYEFFGQGTKVQVDIKGSGPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPELL GGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVE VHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAP IEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAV EWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSV MHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGK 28 IgG1 Fc (hinge- PKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVV CH2-CH3)amino DVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQD acid sequence WLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSREEMTK NQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYS KLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGK 29 signal sequence MGWSCIILFLVATATGVHS 30 35022(VH-3x-VL)- QGQLVQSGAELKKPGASVKISCKTSGYRFNFYHINWIRQTAGRGPEWM (5X)-10E8(VH-3x- GWISPYSGDKNLAPAFQDRVIMTTDTEVPVTSFTSTGAAYMEIRNLKF VL) ScEv amino DDTGTYFCAKGLLRDGSSTWLPYLWGQGTLLTVSSGGGGSGGGGSGGG acid sequence GSQSVLTQSASVSGSLGQSVTISCTGPNSVCCSHKSISWYQWPPGRAP TLIIYEDNERAPGISPRFSGYKSYWSAYLTISDLRPEDETTYYCCSYT HNSGCVFGTGTKVSVLGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSEVQLVES GGGLVKPGGSLRLSCSASGFDFDNAWMTWVRQPPGKGLEWVGRITGPG EGWSVDYAAPVEGRFTISRLNSINFLYLEMNNLRMEDSGLYFCARTGK YYDFWSGYPPGEEYFQDWGRGTLVTVSSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSSYELT QETGVSVALGRTVTITCRGDSLRSHYASWYQKKPGQAPILLFYGKNNR PSGVPDRFSGSASGNRASLTISGAQAEDDAEYYCSSRDKSGSRLSVFG GGTKLTVLGSGHHHHHH 31 35022 variable QSVLTQSASVSGSLGQSVTISCTGPNSVCCSHKSISWYQWPPGRAPTL light (VL) chain IIYEDNERAPGISPRFSGYKSYWSAYLTISDLRPEDETTYYCCSYTHN amino acid SGCVFGTGTKVSVL sequence 32 VL-CDR1 TGPNSVCCSHKSIS 33 VL-CDR2 EDNERAP 34 VL-CDR3 CSYTHNSGCV 35 35022 variable QGQLVQSGAELKKPGASVKISCKTSGYRFNFYHINWIRQTAGRGPEWM heavy (VH) chain GWISPYSGDKNLAPAFQDRVIMTTDTEVPVTSFTSTGAAYMEIRNLKF amino acid DDTGTYFCAKGLLRDGSSTWLPYLWGQGTLLTVSS sequence 36 VH-CDR1 FYHIN 37 VH-CDR2 WISPYSGDKNLAPAFQD 38 VH-CDR3 GLLRDGSSTWLPYL 39 10E8 variable SYELTQETGVSVALGRTVTITCRGDSLRSHYASWYQKKPGQAPILLFY light (VL) chain  GKNNRPSGVPDRFSGSASGNRASLTISGAQAEDDAEYYCSSRDKSGSR amino acid LSVFGGGTKLTVL sequence 40 VL-CDR1 RGDSLRSHYAS 41 VL-CDR2 GKNNRPS 42 VL-CDR3 SSRDKSGSRLSV 43 10E8 variable EVQLVESGGGLVKPGGSLRLSCSASGFDFDNAWMTWVRQPPGKGLEWV heavy (VH) chain  GRITGPGEGWSVDYAAPVEGRFTISRLNSINFLYLEMNNLRMEDSGLY amino acid FCARTGKYYDFWSGYPPGEEYFQDWGRGTLVTVSS sequence 44 VH-CDR1 NAWMT 45 VH-CDR2 RITGPGEGWSVDYAAPVEG 46 VH-CDR3 TGKYYDFWSGYPPGEEYFQD 47 35022(VH-3x-VL)- QGQLVQSGAELKKPGASVKISCKTSGYRFNFYHINWIRQTAGRGPEWM (7X)-10E8(VH-3x- GWISPYSGDKNLAPAFQDRVIMTTDTEVPVTSFTSTGAAYMEIRNLKF VL) ScEv amino DDTGTYFCAKGLLRDGSSTWLPYLWGQGTLLTVSSGGGGSGGGGSGGG acid sequence GSQSVLTQSASVSGSLGQSVTISCTGPNSVCCSHKSISWYQWPPGRAP TLIIYEDNERAPGISPRFSGYKSYWSAYLTISDLRPEDETTYYCCSYT HNSGCVFGTGTKVSVLGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGG GGSEVQLVESGGGLVKPGGSLRLSCSASGFDFDNAWMTWVRQPPGKGL EWVGRITGPGEGWSVDYAAPVEGRFTISRLNSINFLYLEMNNLRMEDS GLYFCARTGKYYDFWSGYPPGEEYFQDWGRGTLVTVSSGGGGSGGGGS GGGGSSYELTQETGVSVALGRTVTITCRGDSLRSHYASWYQKKPGQAP ILLFYGKNNRPSGVPDRFSGSASGNRASLTISGAQAEDDAEYYCSSRD KSGSRLSVFGGGTKLTVLGSGHHHHHH 48 10E8(VH-3x-VL)- EVQLVESGGGLVKPGGSLRLSCSASGFDFDNAWMTWVRQPPGKGLEWV (5X)-35022(VH- GRITGPGEGWSVDYAAPVEGRFTISRLNSINFLYLEMNNLRMEDSGLY 3x-VL) ScEv FCARTGKYYDFWSGYPPGEEYFQDWGRGTLVTVSSGGGGSGGGGSGGG amino acid GSSYELTQETGVSVALGRTVTITCRGDSLRSHYASWYQKKPGQAPILL sequence FYGKNNRPSGVPDRFSGSASGNRASLTISGAQAEDDAEYYCSSRDKSG SRLSVFGGGTKLTVLGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQGQLVQSG AELKKPGASVKISCKTSGYRFNFYHINWIRQTAGRGPEWMGWISPYSG DKNLAPAFQDRVIMTTDTEVPVTSFTSTGAAYMEIRNLKFDDTGTYFC AKGLLRDGSSTWLPYLWGQGTLLTVSSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQSVLTQ SASVSGSLGQSVTISCTGPNSVCCSHKSISWYQWPPGRAPTLIIYEDN ERAPGISPRFSGYKSYWSAYLTISDLRPEDETTYYCCSYTHNSGCVFG TGTKVSVLGSGHHHHHH 49 10E8(VH-3x-VL)- EVQLVESGGGLVKPGGSLRLSCSASGFDFDNAWMTWVRQPPGKGLEWV (7X)-35022(VH- GRITGPGEGWSVDYAAPVEGRFTISRLNSINFLYLEMNNLRMEDSGLY 3x-VL) ScEv FCARTGKYYDFWSGYPPGEEYFQDWGRGTLVTVSSGGGGSGGGGSGGG amino acid GSSYELTQETGVSVALGRTVTITCRGDSLRSHYASWYQKKPGQAPILL sequence FYGKNNRPSGVPDRFSGSASGNRASLTISGAQAEDDAEYYCSSRDKSG SRLSVFGGGTKLTVLGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGG GSQGQLVQSGAELKKPGASVKISCKTSGYRFNFYHINWIRQTAGRGPE WMGWISPYSGDKNLAPAFQDRVIMTTDTEVPVTSFTSTGAAYMEIRNL KFDDTGTYFCAKGLLRDGSSTWLPYLWGQGTLLTVSSGGGGSGGGGSG GGGSQSVLTQSASVSGSLGQSVTISCTGPNSVCCSHKSISWYQWPPGR APTLIIYEDNERAPGISPRFSGYKSYWSAYLTISDLRPEDETTYYCCS YTHNSGCVFGTGTKVSVLGSGHHHHHH 50 35022(VH-3x-VL)- QGQLVQSGAELKKPGASVKISCKTSGYRFNFYHINWIRQTAGRGPEWM (5X)-10E8(VH-3x- GWISPYSGDKNLAPAFQDRVIMTTDTEVPVTSFTSTGAAYMEIRNLKF VL) IgG1 amino DDTGTYFCAKGLLRDGSSTWLPYLWGQGTLLTVSSGGGGSGGGGSGGG acid sequence GSQSVLTQSASVSGSLGQSVTISCTGPNSVCCSHKSISWYQWPPGRAP TLIIYEDNERAPGISPRFSGYKSYWSAYLTISDLRPEDETTYYCCSYT HNSGCVFGTGTKVSVLGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSEVQLVES GGGLVKPGGSLRLSCSASGFDFDNAWMTWVRQPPGKGLEWVGRITGPG EGWSVDYAAPVEGRFTISRLNSINFLYLEMNNLRMEDSGLYFCARTGK YYDFWSGYPPGEEYFQDWGRGTLVTVSSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSSYELT QETGVSVALGRTVTITCRGDSLRSHYASWYQKKPGQAPILLFYGKNNR PSGVPDRFSGSASGNRASLTISGAQAEDDAEYYCSSRDKSGSRLSVFG GGTKLTVLGSGPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMI SRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYR VVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVY TLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPV LDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVESCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSP GK 51 35022(VH-3x-VL)- QGQLVQSGAELKKPGASVKISCKTSGYRFNFYHINWIRQTAGRGPEWM (7X)-10E8(VH-3x- GWISPYSGDKNLAPAFQDRVIMTTDTEVPVTSFTSTGAAYMEIRNLKF VL) IgG1 amino DDTGTYFCAKGLLRDGSSTWLPYLWGQGTLLTVSSGGGGSGGGGSGGG acid sequence GSQSVLTQSASVSGSLGQSVTISCTGPNSVCCSHKSISWYQWPPGRAP TLIIYEDNERAPGISPRFSGYKSYWSAYLTISDLRPEDETTYYCCSYT HNSGCVFGTGTKVSVLGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGG GGSEVQLVESGGGLVKPGGSLRLSCSASGFDFDNAWMTWVRQPPGKGL EWVGRITGPGEGWSVDYAAPVEGRFTISRLNSINFLYLEMNNLRMEDS GLYFCARTGKYYDFWSGYPPGEEYFQDWGRGTLVTVSSGGGGSGGGGS GGGGSSYELTQETGVSVALGRTVTITCRGDSLRSHYASWYQKKPGQAP ILLFYGKNNRPSGVPDRFSGSASGNRASLTISGAQAEDDAEYYCSSRD KSGSRLSVFGGGTKLTVLGSGPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLF PPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKP REEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKA KGQPREPQVYTLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQP ENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVESCSVMHEALHNH YTQKSLSLSPGK 52 10E8(VH-3x-VL)- EVQLVESGGGLVKPGGSLRLSCSASGFDFDNAWMTWVRQPPGKGLEWV (5X)-35022(VH- GRITGPGEGWSVDYAAPVEGRFTISRLNSINFLYLEMNNLRMEDSGLY 3x-VL) IgG1 FCARTGKYYDFWSGYPPGEEYFQDWGRGTLVTVSSGGGGSGGGGSGGG amino acid GSSYELTQETGVSVALGRTVTITCRGDSLRSHYASWYQKKPGQAPILL sequence FYGKNNRPSGVPDRFSGSASGNRASLTISGAQAEDDAEYYCSSRDKSG SRLSVFGGGTKLTVLGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQGQLVQSG AELKKPGASVKISCKTSGYRFNFYHINWIRQTAGRGPEWMGWISPYSG DKNLAPAFQDRVIMTTDTEVPVTSFTSTGAAYMEIRNLKFDDTGTYFC AKGLLRDGSSTWLPYLWGQGTLLTVSSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQSVLTQ SASVSGSLGQSVTISCTGPNSVCCSHKSISWYQWPPGRAPTLIIYEDN ERAPGISPRFSGYKSYWSAYLTISDLRPEDETTYYCCSYTHNSGCVFG TGTKVSVLGSGPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMI SRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYR VVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVY TLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPV LDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVESCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSP GK 53 10E8(VH-3x-VL)- EVQLVESGGGLVKPGGSLRLSCSASGFDFDNAWMTWVRQPPGKGLEWV (7X)-35022(VH- GRITGPGEGWSVDYAAPVEGRFTISRLNSINFLYLEMNNLRMEDSGLY 3x-VL) IgG1 FCARTGKYYDFWSGYPPGEEYFQDWGRGTLVTVSSGGGGSGGGGSGGG amino acid GSSYELTQETGVSVALGRTVTITCRGDSLRSHYASWYQKKPGQAPILL sequence FYGKNNRPSGVPDRFSGSASGNRASLTISGAQAEDDAEYYCSSRDKSG SRLSVFGGGTKLTVLGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGG GSQGQLVQSGAELKKPGASVKISCKTSGYRFNFYHINWIRQTAGRGPE WMGWISPYSGDKNLAPAFQDRVIMTTDTEVPVTSFTSTGAAYMEIRNL KFDDTGTYFCAKGLLRDGSSTWLPYLWGQGTLLTVSSGGGGSGGGGSG GGGSQSVLTQSASVSGSLGQSVTISCTGPNSVCCSHKSISWYQWPPGR APTLIIYEDNERAPGISPRFSGYKSYWSAYLTISDLRPEDETTYYCCS YTHNSGCVFGTGTKVSVLGSGPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLF PPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKP REEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKA KGQPREPQVYTLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQP ENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNH YTQKSLSLSPGK 54 10-1074 variable SYVRPLSVALGETARISCGRQALGSRAVQWYQHRPGQAPILLIYNNQD light (VL) chain RPSGIPERFSGTPDINFGTRATLTISGVEAGDEADYYCHMWDSRSGFS amino acid WSFGGATRLTVL sequence 55 VL-CDR1 GRQALGSRAVQ 56 VL-CDR2 NNQDRPS 57 VL-CDR3 HMWDSRSGFSWS 58 10-1074 variable QVQLQESGPGLVKPSETLSVTCSVSGDSMNNYYWTWIRQSPGKGLEWI heavy (VH) chain GYISDRESATYNPSLNSRVVISRDTSKNQLSLKLNSVTPADTAVYYCA amino acid TARRGQRIYGVVSFGEFFYYYSMDVWGKGTTVTVSS sequence 59 VH-CDR1 NYYWT 60 VH-CDR2 YISDRESATYNPSLNS 61 VH-CDR3 ARRGQRIYGVVSFGEFFYYYSMDV 62 BG18 variable WASSELTQPPSVSVSPGQTARITCSGAPLTSRFTYWYRQKPGQAPVLI light (VL) chain ISRSSQRSSGWSGRFSASWSGTTVTLTIRGVQADDEADYYCQSSDTSD amino acid SYKMFGGGTKLTVL sequence 63 VL-CDR1 SGAPLTSRFTY 64 VL-CDR2 SRSSQRS 65 VL-CDR3 QSSDTSDSYKM 66 BG18 variable EQVQLRESGPGLVKPSETLSLSCTVSQDSRPSDHSWTWVRQSPGKALE heavy (VH) chain WIGDIHYNGATTYNPSLRSRVRIELDQSIPRFSLKMTSMTAADTGMYY amino acid CARNAIRIYGVVALGEWFHYGMDVWGQGTAVTVSS sequence 67 VH-CDR1 SDHSWT 68 VH-CDR2 DIHYNGATTYNPSLRS 69 VH-CDR3 NAIRIYGVVALGEWFHYGMDV 70 PGT135 variable EIVMTQSPDTLSVSPGETVTLSCRASQNINKNLAWYQYKPGQSPRLVI light (VL) chain FETYSKIAAFPARFVASGSGTEFTLTINNMQSEDVAVYYCQQYEEWPR amino acid TFGQGTKVDIK sequence 71 VL-CDR1 RASQNINKNLA 72 VL-CDR2 ETYSKIA 73 VL-CDR3 QQYEEWPRT 74 PGT135 variable QLQMQESGPGLVKPSETLSLSCTVSGDSIRGGEWGDKDYHWGWVRHSA heavy (VH) chain GKGLEWIGSIHWRGTTHYKESLRRRVSMSIDTSRNWFSLRLASVTAAD amino acid TAVYFCARHRHHDVFMVPIAGWFDVWGPGVQVTVSS sequence 75 VH-CDR1 GGEWGDKDYHWG 76 VH-CDR2 SIHWRGTTHYKESLRR 77 VH-CDR3 HRHHDVFMVPIAGWFDV 78 PGT122 variable TFVSVAPGQTARITCGEESLGSRSVIWYQQRPGQAPSLIIYNNNDRPS light (VL) chain GIPDRFSGSPGSTFGTTATLTITSVEAGDEADYYCHIWDSRRPTNWVF amino acid GEGTTLIVL sequence 79 VL-CDR1 GEESLGSRSVI 80 VL-CDR2 NNNDRPS 81 VL-CDR3 HIWDSRRPTNWV 82 PGT122 variable QVHLQESGPGLVKPSETLSLTCNVSGTLVRDNYWSWIRQPLGKQPEWI heavy (VH) chain GYVHDSGDTNYNPSLKSRVHLSLDKSKNLVSLRLTGVTAADSAIYYCA amino acid TTKHGRRIYGVVAFKEWFTYFYMDVWGKGTSVTVSS sequence 83 VH-CDR1 DNYWS 84 VH-CDR2 YVHDSGDTNYNPSLKS 85 VH-CDR3 TKHGRRIYGVVAFKEWFTYFYMDV 86 PGT128 variable TFVSVAPGQTARITCGEESLGSRSVIWYQQRPGQAPSLIIYNNNDRPS light (VL) chain GIPDRFSGSPGSTFGTTATLTITSVEAGDEADYYCHIWDSRRPTNWVF amino acid GEGTTLIVL sequence 87 VL-CDR1 GEESLGSRSVI 88 VL-CDR2 NNNDRPS 89 VL-CDR3 HIWDSRRPTNWV 90 PGT128 variable EPQLQESGPTLVEASETLSLTCAVSGDSTAACNSFWGWVRQPPGKGLE heavy (VH) chain WVGSLSHCASYWNRGWTYHNPSLKSRLTLALDTPKNLVFLKLNSVTAA amino acid DTATYYCARFGGEVLRYTDWPKPAWVDLWGRGTLVTVSS sequence 91 VH-CDR1 ACNSFWG 92 VH-CDR2 SLSHCASYWNRGWTYHNPSLKS 93 VH-CDR3 FGGEVLRYTDWPKPAWVDL 94 10E8v4 variable SELTQDPAVSVALKQTVTITCRGDSLRSHYASWYQKKPGQAPVLLFYG light (VL) chain KNNRPSGIPDRFSGSASGNRASLTITGAQAEDEADYYCSSRDKSGSRL amino acid SVFGGGTKLTVL sequence 95 VL-CDR1 RGDSLRSHYAS 96 VL-CDR2 GKNNRPS 97 VL-CDR3 SSRDKSGSRLSV 98 10E8v4 variable EVRLVESGGGLVKPGGSLRLSCSASGFDFDNAWMTWVRQPPGKGLEWV heavy (VH) chain GRITGPGEGWSVDYAESVKGRFTISRDNTKNTLYLEMNNVRTEDTGYY amino acid FCARTGKYYDFWSGYPPGEEYFQDWGQGTLVIVSS sequence 99 VH-CDR1 NAWMT 100 VH-CDR2 RITGPGEGWSVDYAESVKG 101 VH-CDR3 TGKYYDFWSGYPPGEEYFQD 94 10E8v4 S100cF SELTQDPAVSVALKQTVTITCRGDSLRSHYASWYQKKPGQAPVLLFYG variable light KNNRPSGIPDRFSGSASGNRASLTITGAQAEDEADYYCSSRDKSGSRL (VL) chain amino SVFGGGTKLTVL acid sequence 95 VL-CDR1 RGDSLRSHYAS 96 VL-CDR2 GKNNRPS 97 VL-CDR3 SSRDKSGSRLSV 106 10E8v4 S100cF EVRLVESGGGLVKPGGSLRLSCSASGFDFDNAWMTWVRQPPGKGLEWV variable heavy GRITGPGEGWSVDYAESVKGRFTISRDNTKNTLYLEMNNVRTEDTGYY (VH) chain amino FCARTGKYYDFWFGYPPGEEYFQDWGQGTLVIVSS acid sequence 107 VH-CDR1 NAWMT 108 VH-CDR2 RITGPGEGWSVDYAESVKG 109 VH-CDR3 TGKYYDFWFGYPPGEEYFQD 110 DH511.2 k3 DIQMTQSPSFLYGSVGDRVTITCRASQNIKDYLNWYQQRPGRAPRLLI variable light YAASNLQSGVPSRFSGSGYGTDFTLIISSLQPEDFATYFCQESYSSTP (VL) chain amino THIFGLGTKLEK acid sequence 111 VL-CDR1 RASQNIKDYLN 112 VL-CDR2 AASNLQS 113 VL-CDR3 QESYSSTPTHI 114 DH511.2 k3 QVQLVQSGGGLVKPGGSLTLSCSASGFFFDNSWMGWVRQAPGKGLEWV variable heavy GRIRRLKDGATGEYGAAVKDRFTISRDDSRNMLYLHMRTLKTEDSGTY (VH) chain amino YCTMDEGTPVTRFLEWGYFYYYMAVWGRGTTVIVSS acid sequence 115 VH-CDR1 NSWMG 116 VH-CDR2 RIRRLKDGATGEYGAAVKD 117 VH-CDR3 DEGTPVTRFLEWGYFYYYMAV 118 4E10 variable EIVLTQSPGTQSLSPGERATLSCRASQSVGNNKLAWYQQRPGQAPRLL light (VL) chain IYGASSRPSGVADRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISRLEPEDFAVYYCQQYGQSL amino acid STFGQGTKVEVK sequence 119 VL-CDR1 RASQSVGNNKLA 120 VL-CDR2 GASSRPS 121 VL-CDR3 QQYGQSLST 122 4E10 variable VQLVQSGAEVKRPGSSVTVSCKASGGSFSTYALSWVRQAPGRGLEWMG heavy (VH) chain GVIPLLTITNYAPRFQGRITITADRSTSTAYLELNSLRPEDTAVYYCA amino acid REGTTGWGWLGKPIGAFAHWGQGTLVTVSS sequence 123 VH-CDR1 TYALS 124 VH-CDR2 GVIPLLTITNYAPRFQG 125 VH-CDR3 EGTTGWGWLGKPIGAFAE 126 2F5 variable ALQLTQSPSSLSASVGDRITITCRASQGVTSALAWYRQKPGSPPQLLI light (VL) chain YDASSLESGVPSRFSGSGSGTEFTLTISTLRPEDFATYYCQQLHFYPH amino acid TFGGGTRVDVR sequence 127 VL-CDR1 RASQGVTSALA 128 VL-CDR2 DASSLES 129 VL-CDR3 QQLHFYPHT 130 2F5 variable RITLKESGPPLVKPTQTLTLTCSFSGFSLSDFGVGVGWIRQPPGKALE heavy (VH) chain WLAIIYSDDDKRYSPSLNTRLTITKDTSKNQVVLVMTRVSPVDTATYF amino acid CAHRRGPTTLFGVPIARGPVNAMDVWGQGITVTISS sequence 131 VH-CDR1 DFGVGVG 132 VH-CDR2 IIYSDDDKRYSPSLNT 133 VH-CDR3 RRGPTTLFGVPIARGPVNAMDV 134 N123-VRC34.01 DIQLTQSPSFLSASVGDKVTITCRASQGVRNELAWYQQKPGKAPNLLI variable light YYASTLQSGVPSRFSATGSGTHFTLTVSSLQPEDFATYFCQHMSSYPL (VL) chain amino TFGGGTKVEIK acid sequence 135 VL-CDR1 RASQGVRNELA 136 VL-CDR2 YASTLQS 137 VL-CDR3 QHMSSYPLT 138 N123-VRC34.01 QEVLVQSGAEVKKPGASVKVSCRAFGYTFTGNALHWVRQAPGQGLEWL variable heavy GWINPHSGDTTTSQKFQGRVYMTRDKSINTAFLDVTRLTSDDTGIYYC (VH) chain amino ARDKYYGNEAVGMDVWGQGTSVTVSS acid sequence 139 VH-CDR1 GNALH 140 VH-CDR2 WINPHSGDTTTSQKFQG 141 VH-CDR3 DKYYGNEAVGMDV 142 3BC315 variable QSALTQPASVSASPGQSITISCSGTRSDVGGYDFVSWYQQHPGKVPKL light (VL) chain IIYEVTKRPSGIPQRFSGSKSGNTASLTISGLQADDEADYYCCSYANY amino acid DKLILGGGTKLTVL sequence 143 VL-CDR1 SGTRSDVGGYDFVS 144 VL-CDR2 EVTKRPS 145 VL-CDR3 CSYANYDKLI 146 3BC315 variable QVQLVQSGAEMKDPGASVKVSCRASGYKFTDYYMHWVRQAPGQGLEWV heavy (VH) chain GWVNTNGGFTKYGAKFQGRVTVTRDTSTNTVFLELSRLTFGDTAMYFC amino acid ARPMRPVSHGIDYSGLFVFQFWGRGTMVTVSS sequence 147 VH-CDR1 DYYMH 148 VH-CDR2 WVNTNGGFTKYGAKFQG 149 VH-CDR3 PMRPVSHGIDYSGLFVFQF 150 PGT151 variable DIVMTQTPLSLSVTPGQPASISCKSSESLRQSNGKTSLYWYRQKPGQS light (VL) chain PQLLVFEVSNRFSGVSDRFVGSGSGTDFTLRISRVEAEDVGFYYCMQS amino acid KDFPLTFGGGTKVDLK sequence 151 VL-CDR1 KSSESLRQSNGKTSLY 152 VL-CDR2 EVSNRFS 153 VL-CDR3 MQSKDFPLT 154 PGT151 variable RVQLVESGGGVVQPGKSVRLSCVVSDFPFSKYPMYWVRQAPGKGLEWV heavy (VH) chain AAISGDAWHVVYSNSVQGRFLVSRDNVKNTLYLEMNSLKIEDTAVYRC amino acid ARMFQESGPPRLDRWSGRNYYYYSGMDVWGQGTTVTVSS sequence 155 VH-CDR1 KYPMY 156 VH-CDR2 AISGDAWHVVYSNSVQG 157 VH-CDR3 MFQESGPPRLDRWSGRNYYYYSGMDV 158 VRC03 variable EIVLTQSPGILSLSPGETATLFCKASQGGNAMTWYQKRRGQVPRLLIY light (VL) chain DTSRRASGVPDRFVGSGSGTDFFLTINKLDREDFAVYYCQQFEFFGLG amino acid SELEVHR sequence 159 VL-CDR1 KASQGGNAMT 160 VL-CDR2 DTSRRAS 161 VL-CDR3 QQFEF 162 VRC03 variable QVQLVQSGAVIKTPGSSVKISCRASGYNFRDYSIHWVRLIPDKGFEWI heavy (VH) chain GWIKPLWGAVSYARQLQGRVSMTRQLSQDPDDPDWGVAYMEFSGLTPA amino acid DTAEYFCVRRGSCDYCGDFPWQYWGQGTVVVVSS sequence 163 VH-CDR1 DYSIH 164 VH-CDR2 WIKPLWGAVSYARQLQG 165 VH-CDR3 VRRGSCDYCGDFPWQY 166 VRC06 variable EIVLTQSPATLSLSPGERATLSCRASQGGNSLNWYQKRRGQTPRLLIY light (VL) chain DTSRRASDIPEKFVGSGSGTDFSLTITKVGPEDFAVYYCQQFEFFGLG amino acid TTLEIN sequence 167 VL-CDR1 RASQGGNSLN 168 VL-CDR2 DTSRRAS 169 VL-CDR3 QQFEF 170 VRC06 variable EVQLVESGPVMRKPGSSMKISCATSGYNFRDFSIHWVRFNRRYG heavy (VH) chain FEWIGWIKPMWGAVNYARQLQGRVSMSRLFSQDLYYPDRGTAYLEFSG amino acid LTSADTADYF CVRRGSSCPHCGDFHFEHWGQGTAVVVSA sequence 171 VH-CDR1 DFSIH 172 VH-CDR2 WIKPMWGAVNYARQLQG 173 VH-CDR3 RGSSCPHCGDFHFEH 2 VRC07 variable EIVLTQSPGTLSLSPGETAIISCRTSQYGSLAWYQQRPGQAPRLVIYS light (VL) chain GSTRAAGIPDRFSGSRWGPDYNLTISNLESGDFGVYYCQQYEFFGQGT amino acid KVQVDIK sequence 3 VL-CDR1 RTSQYGSLA 4 VL-CDR2 SGSTRAA 5 VL-CDR3 QQYEF 178 VRC07 variable QVQLVQSGAQVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGYEFINCPINWVRQAPRQRPEWM heavy (VH) chain GWMKPRGGAVSYARQLQGRVTMTRDMYTSTAYLELRSLTSEDTAVYYC amino acid ARGKYCTARDYYNWDFEHWGPGTPITVSS sequence 179 VH-CDR1 NCPIN 180 VH-CDR2 WMKPRGGAVSYARQLQG 181 VH-CDR3 GKYCTARDYYNWDFEH 182 3BNC117 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDTVTITCQANGYLNWYQQRRGKAPKLLIYDGS variable light KLERGVPSRFSGRRWGQEYNLTINNLQPEDIATYFCQVYEFVVPGTRL (VL) chain amino DLK acid sequence 183 VL-CDR1 QANGYLN 184 VL-CDR2 DGSKLER 185 VL-CDR3 QVYEF 186 3BNC117 variable QVQLLQSGAAVTKPGASVRVSCEASGYNIRDYFIHWWRQAPGQGLQWV heavy (VH) chain GWINPKTGQPNNPRQFQGRVSLTRHASWDFDTFSFYMDLKALRSDDTA amino acid VYFCARQRSDYWDFDVWGSGTQVTVSS sequence 187 VH-CDR1 DYFIH 188 VH-CDR2 WINPKTGQPNNPRQFQG 189 VH-CDR3 QRSDYWDFDV 190 N6 variable YIHVTQSPSSLSVSIGDRVTINCQTSQGVGSDLHWYQHKPGRAPKLLI light (VL) chain HHTSSVEDGVPSRFSGSGFHTSFNLTISDLQADDIATYYCQVLQFFGR amino acid GSRLHIK sequence 191 VL-CDR1 QTSQGVGSDLH 192 VL-CDR2 HTSSVED 193 VL-CDR3 QVLQF 194 N6 variable RAHLVQSGTAMKKPGASVRVSCQTSGYTFTAHILFWFRQAPGRGLEWV heavy (VH) chain GWIKPQYGAVNFGGGFRDRVTLTRDVYREIAYMDIRGLKPDDTAVYYC amino acid ARDRSYGDSSWALDAWGQGTTVVVSA sequence 195 VH-CDR1 AHILF 196 VH-CDR2 WIKPQYGAVNFGGGFRD 197 VH-CDR3 DRSYGDSSWALDA 198 IOMA variable QSALTQPASVSGSPGQSITISCAGSSRDVGGFDLVSWYQQHPGKAPKL light (VL) chain IIYEVNKRPSGISSRFSASKSGNTASLTISGLQEEDEAHYYCYSYADG amino acid VAFGGGTKLTVL sequence 199 VL-CDR1 AGSSRDVGGFDLVS 200 VL-CDR2 EVNKRPS 201 VL-CDR3 YSYADGVA 202 IOMA variable EVQLVESGAQVKKPGASVTVSCTASGYKFTGYHMHWVRQAPGRGLEWM heavy (VH) chain GWINPFRGAVKYPQNFRGRVSMTRDTSMEIFYMELSRLTSDDTAVYYC amino acid AREMFDSSADWSPWRGMVAWGQGTLVTVSS sequence 203 VH-CDR1 GYHMH 204 VH-CDR2 WINPFRGAVKYPQNFRG 205 VH-CDR3 EMFDSSADWSPWRGMVA 

What is claimed is:
 1. A multispecific antibody, or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, comprising: a) a first light chain comprising a first light chain variable region (VL) and a first heavy chain comprising a first heavy chain variable region (VH), wherein the first light chain and the first heavy chain are derived from a first antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof; and b) a second light chain comprising a second light chain variable region (VL) and a second heavy chain comprising a second heavy chain variable region (VH), wherein the second light chain and the second heavy chain are derived from a second antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, wherein the first light chain and the second light chain bind non-overlapping epitopes of the envelope protein of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), and wherein the VH from the first light chain and the VL from the second light chain are connected by one or more linkers or wherein the VL from the first light chain and the VH from the second light chain are connected by one or more linkers.
 2. (canceled)
 3. The multispecific antibody, or antigen binding fragment thereof, of claim 1, wherein the linker is not a single glycine (Gly) residue; a diglycine peptide (Gly-Gly); a tripeptide (Gly-Gly-Gly); a peptide with four glycine residues (Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly); a peptide with five glycine residues (Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly); a peptide with six glycine residues (Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly); a peptide with seven glycine residues (Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly); a peptide with eight glycine residues (Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly), the peptide Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser, the peptide Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser, the peptide Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser (SEQ ID NO: 292), a single Ser, a single Va, the dipeptide Arg-Thr, Gln-Pro, Ser-Ser, Thr-Lys, and Ser-Leu; Thr-Lys-Gly-Pro-Ser, Thr-Val-Ala-Ala-Pro, Gln-Pro-Lys-Ala-Ala, Gln-Arg-Ile-Glu-Gly, Ala-Ser-Thr-Lys-Gly-Pro-Ser, Arg-Thr-Val-Ala-Ala-Pro-Ser, Gly-Gln-Pro-Lys-Ala-Ala-Pro, and His-Ile-Asp-Ser-Pro-Asn-Lys.
 4. The multispecific antibody of claim 1, wherein the non-overlapping epitopes are located in the CD4-binding site, the V1/V2-glycan region, the V3-glycan region, the gp41 membrane proximal external region (MPER), or the gp120/gp41 interface of the envelope protein. 5.-7. (canceled)
 8. The multispecific antibody of claim 1, further comprising a third antibody which specifically binds to a third epitope.
 9. The multispecific antibody of claim 8, wherein the third epitope is located in the CD4-binding site (CD4bs), the V1/V2-glycan region, the V3-glycan region, the gp41 membrane proximal external region (MPER), or the gp120-gp41 interface of the envelope protein of HIV.
 10. (canceled)
 11. The multispecific antibody of claim 1, wherein the first antibody binds to an epitope in the CD4-binding site of the of the envelope protein of HIV-1 and the second antibody binds to an epitope in the V3-glycan region of the of the envelope protein of HIV-1; or, wherein the first antibody binds to an epitope in the V3-glycan region of the of the envelope protein of HIV-1 and the second antibody binds to an epitope in the CD4-binding site of the of the envelope protein of HIV-1. 12.-14. (canceled)
 15. The multispecific antibody of claim 1, wherein the first antibody binds to an epitope in the gp120/gp41 interface of the of the envelope protein of HIV-1 and the second antibody binds to an epitope in the MPER of the of the envelope protein of HIV-1; or wherein the first antibody binds to an epitope in the MPER of the of the envelop protein of HIV-1 and the second antibody binds to an epitope in the gp120/gp41 interface of the of the envelope protein of HIV-1. 16.-22. (canceled)
 23. The multispecific antibody of claim 1, wherein the variable domain of the first light chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO. 2, SEQ ID NO. 10, SEQ ID NO. 19, SEQ ID NO. 31 and SEQ ID NO. 39 and the variable domain of the first heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO. 6, SEQ ID NO. 14, SEQ ID NO. 35 and SEQ ID NO. 43; wherein the variable domain of the second light chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO. 2, SEQ ID NO. 10, SEQ ID NO. 19, SEQ ID NO. 31 and SEQ ID NO. 39 and the variable domain of the second heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO. 6, SEQ ID NO. 14, SEQ ID NO. 35 and SEQ ID NO.
 43. 24.-30. (canceled)
 31. The multispecific antibody of claim 1, comprising an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO. 1, SEQ ID NO. 18, SEQ ID NO. 20, SEQ ID NO. 21, SEQ ID NO. 22, SEQ ID NO. 23, SEQ ID NO. 24, SEQ ID NO. 25, SEQ ID NO. 26, SEQ ID NO. 27, SEQ ID NO. 30, SEQ ID NO. 47, SEQ ID NO. 48, SEQ ID NO. 49, SEQ ID NO. 50, SEQ ID NO. 51, SEQ ID NO. 52 and SEQ ID NO.
 53. 32. (canceled)
 33. The multispecific antibody of claim 1, further including a modification in the Fc region.
 34. The multispecific antibody of claim 1, wherein the first antibody, the second antibody or the third antibody is an ScFv.
 35. The multispecific antibody of claim 1, wherein the multispecific antibody has an IC₅₀ less than 0.1 μg/ml.
 36. (canceled)
 37. The multispecific antibody of claim 1, wherein the multispecific antibody has an IC₈₀ less than 0.3 μg/ml.
 38. (canceled)
 39. A method of treating or preventing an HIV infection, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of the multispecific antibody of claim
 1. 40. A pharmaceutical composition comprising (i) the multispecific antibody of claim 1 and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 41. A nucleic acid encoding the multispecific antibody of claim
 1. 42. A vector comprising the nucleic acid of claim
 41. 43. A host cell comprising the vector of claim
 42. 44.-45. (canceled)
 46. An immunoconjugate comprising the multispecific antibody of claim 1 coupled to a cytotoxic agent. 47.-58. (canceled) 